Literature. — Sartorius, The Doctrine of Divuie Love ; Wendt, Die Lchre Jem, ii. ; ST Theol. of B. Weiss, Beyschlae, H. Holtzmann, Stevens ; Ritschl, Heekt/ertigung uml I'erson- nung ; Rothe, Theol. Ethik ; Seeley, Ecce Homo, chs. xiii. xiv. ; F. W. Robertson, Serm. iv. 222 ; Law, Serio^ts Call, ch. xx ; Butler, Serm. xi.-xiv. ; C. A. Brig^, Ethical Teaching of .Jesus,
97, 114. G. Waucuope Stewart.
LOWLINESS. — The modest attitude of mind and demeanour which characterized our Lord a« a man. It is in contrast with, though not in contra- diction to, the greatness both of His station and of His claims. He describes Himself (Mt U-^) as 'lowly in heart,' and the word employed {raTreivos) is accurately translated by the Eng. ' lowlj^ ' and the Lat. humilLi as denoting that which is near the earth, low as opposed to lofty, bowed do^^•n as opposed to erect. Though sometimes used in a bad sense, as indicating meanness of spirit, this is not at all its necessary or common signification. In the moral sense it is opposed to proud, haughty, .self-assertive. The adjective occurs elsewhere in the XT (Lk F^ 2 Co lO^, Ja F 4«, 1 P 5') ; and the noun Taweivocppoavvr) and the verb raTreivou} are even of more frequent occuiTence. Both noun and verb are used by St. Paul (Ph •2' ») in describing the Ke'vwo-ts of Christ, where a twofold lowliness is declared of Him : (l)in becoming man, (2)rwa man. In the prophecy of Zechariah (9^) the Messianic King is foretold as being ' lowly and riding upon an ass ' ; but in the passages wKere the prophecy is quoted (Mt 21', Jn 12'^)^ ji^g action is given in both cases. The adjective is altogether omitted by St. John, and is rendered ' meek ' {wpavs) by St. Matthew. See also artt. Meekness and HuMiLiTv. E. C. Dargan.
LUKE. — The only reliable sources for the life of Luke are his Acts of the Apostles, and. in a very slight degree, his Gospel, and the Epistles of St. Paul. The biography found in many MSS of the Gospel in Latin, and printed, for example, in Wordsworth and Whites Xoruui Testa mentuin Domini Nostri Ie<tu Christi Latine, Pars i. (Oxonii, 1889-1898), pp. 269-272, can hardly be considered
reliable, by whomsoever composed. Some of its statements will be quoted below.
-1. Name. — The name XovKas appears to be unex- ampled elsewhere. The modern accentuation is no doubt correct, and this at once proclaims it as a contraction or shorter form of some other name. It belongs in fact to the class of pet names (Lalbmmcn, Ko-^eiuimcn in German), as a glance at the long list of such in Jannari?.' Historical Gr. Gram. (London, 1897), § 287, will show. The NT itself is not without examples of such names ; ZiXas (2:£Xeas) for ICKovavos, 'AjuttXiSs (Ko 16^) for 'A/iTrXiaroj, 'OXi'/iTTos (Ro 16'-'*) for '0\vfx.Tn65wpoz, Arj/j-ds (Col 4'"") for .IrifjL-riTpios, 'ETra<ppa.s (Col 4^-) for ETra(pp6SiTos, 'AtfoXXuis for 'ATroWu)i'ios, Zirjvds (Tit 3'^) for ZT]v65wpos, 'AvTLird^ (Kev 2'^} for AvTiTraTpos, ^T€<f>avcii (1 Co 16^^) for ^T€<pavr]<p6pos. The shorter names are less technical and more friendly than the others. There can be little doubt that \ovk5.s is short for \ovKav6s, and indeed this latter form is very frequent in the oldest forms of the Latin Bible, in the title of the Gospel. Tliere appears to be no example of the nominative in MSS, but the accusative cata LUCAXUM is regular (see C. H. Turner in JThSt, \\. (1904-19<35), pp. 256-258). Monsignor Mercati, of the Vatican Library, ha* found an instance even of the nominative, on the sarcophagus of Concord- ius at Aries, matteus maecus lucaxvs ioaxxes [ib. p. 435).* The name Lucanus suggests ' Lu- canian,' a native of the district of Southern Italj- ; it also suggests the Latin poet, a member of the gens Anncea, nephew of Seneca the philosopher. But neither of these suggestions seems to lead us further in the attempt to trace the ancestry or family of the Third Evangelist.
2. Origin. — The Latin biography above releiTed to calls Luke a Syrian of Antioch. This is almost certainly due to a mistaken interpretation of Ac 13', where a ditierent person, with a difiereat name, Lucius, is mentioned. If that be not the explana- tion, the selection of Antioch may be due to a guess, which sought to connect him with an im- portant city. Some have thought that ' Antioch- ensis' is right, but that 'Syrus' is ^\Tong, and Avould claim him for Pisidian Antioch, a ]3lace of much less importance. In the absence of other e%ddence, this second theory would be possible, as Pisidian Antioch is much nearer the historical scene on which he first appears and figures promi- nently in the missionaiy journeys of St. Paul. The Book of Acts itself, however, seems to yield up tiie secret. If we concentrate our attention on that part of the narrative which tells of St. Paul's %-isit to Philippi, we observe certain peculiarities a1)out it which distinguish it from the otlier parts. In the first place, we observe that in 16" ' a certain man of Macedonia' (ns imi^lies that the autiior could name him if he chose) is mentioned as appearing to St. Paul in a dream at Troas, and inviting him to cross over into Macedonia. In the following verse, the first 'We 'passage begins: — 'we sought immediately.' The Macedonians did not difier fiom other Greeks in their appearance or dress, and why should the author conceal the name of the Macedonian, if not from modesty ? The present writer can feel no doubt that Luke and Paul met in Troas, and conversed together, expectant of a sign of the Spirit's will ; that, as the result of tiieir impressive talk, St. Paul saw a vision of his companion of tlie previous day, who appeared to be addressing him in the words of V. 9 ; and, in accordance with the belief of the time, considered — wiio siiall say wrongly ? — that the Spirit had spoken tlirough this dream. V.*- of ch. 16 is even more important in this connexion for the information it supplies : — ' Philippi, which