Like the classical authors, Plutarch still uses fMtr.in the literal sense of 'a stay' or ' a continuance ' : sirs <*<yr:y i» ri ^/su re7; ityaf^ois OUTS ictx.yuyr^ TOi? mjcxcI^ (1042 D), aXXat KCtt toOtoi? u^>v.)i •i0>rdei zaOr.xeiitra.^ u^oa zat,xii\Oig \^ix.y^/y/.i , 1063 D. But in 1024 F,
though fjLOir, answers to t« t«v«v, Plutarch opposes it, like Aristotle, to Kiixtm : IffTi -/a,a r, u.h >&y.c-t^ roZ >05*y>Tej ssivrr.? rrt^'t to ,tfc£vcv, y, d£ ^o|» LLo^Y, ToZ a.ie'da.iou.ivov izsfii to xnoCtLi^ov. So in 927 A the material elements as conceived by Empedocles are reduced to order by the introduction of the principle of love (£i>.oTr,Toi iyytrof^ivy.s), IVflt . , . Tct jxlf Xi*r.Cii>; to. hi f^OT/v,; oL^ccyxoti; l^htBiitTot.
. . . omjUi'*'ia,-¥ xa.1 x^uMViati OLT'pya.^f.To.i tou rronTO?, where uo\y,
has the complete meaning of rest as opposed to motion. And in
747 C he uses the plural of ' rests ' in dancing
LLO^'QCl T-paCTa. TU))> Xivv.CEinv £jff**v.
iiTocvoa.
ll
In Jn 14-, however, tlie immediate mention of ' a place' seems to demand a concrete meaning for fj-oval, though it has no parallel elsewhere. If so, the senses of 'abode' in vv.- and ^, concrete and abstract respectively, will be derived from the idea of rest that has become attached to the word, as well as from the original idea of remaining. The ditierence is seen at once when the ^lov^r]v Troielffdai of Jn 14^-^ is compared with the same phrase in Thuc. i. 131 : Pausanias the victor of Platfea, in- triguing with the Persians in Asia Minor, was • prolonging his stay to no good purpose ' (oi'/c iif dyad<2 TTr)v fi.ovy)v woLov/xevos), fiovriv, as the Scholiast remarks, being practically equivalent to dpyiav, ■idleness.' In Jn 14-' the phrase combines, like fxovai in V.'-, the meanings of 'abiding' and 'rest' with that of the 'home' in which the rest is found. All the same suggestions are found in 1 ^lac 7^^^, the only passage in the LXX where fj-ovrj occurs : fivrjcrdrp-L tQiv 5i'cr<pr)fiiwv aiTWV, Kal fir) SiIJs aiTOts iiov-qv ('and sufler them not to live any longer,' RV).
3. The fiovT) of the Christian in the spiritual world (v.'-) and the fiov-q of God in the Christian (v. 23) are eWdently intended to be correlative : 'Abide in me, and I in you' (Jn 15^). Their con- summation realizes the ideal of Jn 17-^' -^ ; mean- while they are the NT fulfilment of the two OT ideals of rest : ' Rest in the Lord and wait patiently for him' (Ps 37"), and 'Arise, O Lord, into thy resting-place ; thou, and the ark of thy strength ' (132*). Jn 14-, that is, refers not only to the per- petual ' rest ' or ' home ' in the life hereafter, but, like v.^, to the 'abiding' fellowship with the DiA-ine in this life (Mt 282^, Rev 21»). See artt. Abiding, and Father'.s House.
Literature. — For the English word see Oxford Eng. Diet., where its historv is fullv illustrated ; Aldis Wright's Bible Word- Book, 387, 388 ; "Hastings' DB iii. 23S. The Greek word is very insufficiently treated both in Stephanus and in Liddell and Scott ; for Plutarch's uses see Wyttenbach's Index, where, how- ever, some references are misprinted. Reference mav further be made to Expos. Times, viii. [1S97] 496, x. [1899] 303 ; Ex- positor, II. ii. [1881] 281, iii. [1882] 397, iv. vi. [1892] 209 ; A. Maclaren, The Holy of Holies (1890), p. 12 ; R. W. Dale, Christ and the Future Life (1S95), pp. 33-84 ; J. Parker, Citv Temple Pulpit, i. (1899), p. 259. FRANK RICHARDS.
MANUSCRIPTS.— The aim of the present article is to give a select list of the more ancient or in- ' teresting MSS of the Gospels, -n-ith a description ; of the most important or interesting of these. The ! simplest course will be to divide them into the lan- guages in which they are ^^"ritten, premising that the Gospels were originally written in Greek, and that the versions in other langiiages are transla- tions, generally direct, from the Greek. The symbols emploj-ed to indicate these manuscrijrts, whether letters or numbers, were invented for the sake of brevitj', when they are referred to in an apparatus of variant readings. The standard col- lection of variants contained in Gospel manuscripts is that of C. Tischendorf (Novum Testamentum I Gra-rc : Editio Octava Critica Maior, vol. i., Lipsise, 1S69), and the standard lists of MSS are those con- tained in the Tcxtkritik des Neuen Testamentcs (2 vols., Leipzig, 1900, 1902) of C. R. Gregory, an American scholar domiciled in Germany. The new numbers wiiich von Soden (Die Schriften des Neucn Testaments, Band i., Berlin, 1902) has given to the Greek ^ISS are added for the sake of completeness, but it is very doubtful whether they will gain wide currency. Capital letters are used to indicate MSS with uncial writing, which is never later than the 10th cent. : numbers, for those in minuscule writing (9th to 15th centuries and later).
116
MANUSCRIPTS
MANUSCRIPTS
I. (JkeekMSS: — (a) Uncials: —
X ( =5 2, von Soden), Codex Sinaiticus (of the 4th or oth cent.), now in the Imperial Library, St. Peter.sburg, with the exception of a small portion, wliich is in the University Library, Leipzig, eon- tains OT (with considerable losses), NT (complete), followed by Ej). Barnab. and the Shepherd. The MS, found by Tiscliendorf in the Convent of St. Catliarine, Mt. Sinai, in 1844, consists of 346^ (NT HTg) leaves of line parchment, measuring 48x37 "8 cm., with four columns to the page and 48 lines to the column. The ink is now brownish ; the letters are not very large, and are ijainfully regular, with- out breathings or accents, the use of which is onlj' sporadic till the 9th century. The hands of seven revisers, dating from the 4th (5tli) to the I2th centuries, can be observed in the MS. This MS shares with H the honour of being considered the purest MS of the (iospels. Tischendorf has been charged more than once with having stolen this MS, but the charges are successfully refuted by Gregory.