! thousand, shortened in Mt., left out in Lk.); 8'^' (the omission to take bread, abbreviated in Mt., whence we should have gathered, if we had not had Mk., that they discovered the omission only after landing, instead of when in the boat, as Mk., which is much more likely) ; 9^*- (the stranger exorcist, omitted in Mt., shortened in Lk. ); 13^' dw' dpxv^ KTlaeus f]v eKTta'ev 6 deos ( = Mt. dir' dp. KoafjLov, Lk. ditl'erent). Many other examples might be given, e.g. 7^^ S^^-st (cf. Lk.) lo'-"- « U"^* 15^ 16*. See also Hawkins, Horce S)/nopficw, pp. 100 ft'., 110. A similar instance of redundancy is the use of pleonastic forms in Mk., e.g. sk iratSibdev 9-' (A omits eK, D has e\- iraibos), dirb fxaKpodev 5* 8* livi i^n 2540 These are verj- seldom found in Mt. and Luke.
(e) Correction of Markan details in Mt. or Luke. — In two or three instances we find a small slii) of the pen corrected, as when Mark (1-^-) cites i as from Isaiah a passage which is really partly ] from ^lal 3^ and partly from Is 40^, perhaps through using a book of quotations in wliich these passages followed each other, with ' Isaiah ' at the toj) of the page ; here the other Synoptists omit the Malachi passage (though they give it elsewhere, Mt lP^=Lk 7"-'), thus silently correcting Mark. So Mk 2-^ has 67ri 'A^Sid^ap dpxi-epei^s, which can only mean 'during the higli priesthood of Abiathar' (AC, etc., insert toO, which might give the mean- ing 'in the time of A., who was afterwards liigh priest'; D, syr*'", and some Old Latin MSS omit the whole phrase ; these are scribes' corrections). Tlie Mt. Lk. have the ^Nlarkan sentence almost exactly, with the exception of these three words which tiiey omit, no doubt because it is not correct to saj'' that the events happened when Abiathar was actually high priest. In the account of the women at the tomb (Mk 16-) there is some con- fusion of time (\Lav wpwl . . . dvareiXaPTOs tov ri\iov), probably due to compression, diflerent events being put together, unless, indeed, we accept AVright"s suggestion (Synopsis of the Gos- pels-, in loc.) that /iijTroj lias dropped out before dvareiKavros. In Mt 28' there is a similar obscur- ity : ' late on the Sabbath day, as it began to dawn toward the hrst day of the week, came Mary Magdalene.' But this is corrected in i Lk 24'. The women came on the first day of the A\eek opdpov ^adeuis (so Jn 20' -n-pui, ffKorias ^rt oijff-qs).
Ca.ses of exjjlanations, or corrections of matter, as opposed to corrections of phraseologj', may be
126 MAKK, GOSPEL ACCOKDi:sG Tu
MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDIXG TO
seen in Mk 12^, -where the killing of the heir Ijrecedes the casting out of the vinej"ard, the order being inverted in Mt. and Lk. to make the paral)Ie fit the heavenly counterpart ; in Mk 13" (' abomination of desolation') where Mt 2^^'" adds 'spoken of bj* Daniel the prophet,' and Lk 21-*' explains by altering to ' Jerusalem compassed ■with armies ' ; and Mk 15^^ where the words ' Son of God ' (so ^It. ) are explained by Lk. as ' a righteous man.' In this last case the Markan phrase is probably original, though the centurion would have borrowed it from the Jews without understanding it ; Luke gives what the centurion meant in his own mind.
In several cases additions in Mt. or Lk. imply the prioritj' of Mk., the added words probably coming from a non - Markan source, as in the confession of St. Petei", where the account in Mk. (8'^) could hardly have been derived from Mt. by abbreviation ; and in the warning (Mk 13'^) to pray that the flight be not in the winter (xei/acDi/os), where Mt. (24-*^) adds fi-qSe aa^jSaTij, changing the case. Or, in some instances, the added words are a gloss ; e.g. Mk 8*^ (taking up the cross — Lk. adds 'daily'), 10* (to sit on Jesus' right hand or left liand is for those for whom it has been prepared — Mt. adds ' by my Fatlier '), 12^ (the owner of the vineyard goes awaj' — Lk. adds XP^^°^'^ 'iKavoi's, showing special knowledge of viticulture, as it •would be several years before the grapes were allowed to ripen).
In some cases, by a turn of phrase, Mk.'s accu- racy in minute jjoints is lost in Mt. and Luke. Tlius in !Mk 4*^ our Lord was already in the boat (4'); the other Synoptists, by an oversight, make Him embark here. In the Charge to the Twelve Mk 6* has ' take nothing . . . save a staff onlj' ' ; II Mt. and Lk. show an early exaggeration of the command (see Swete, St. Mark, in loc). In Mk 10- Jesus comes ' into the borders of Jud?ea and beyond {Kai wepav) Jordan'; Mt. (19^) omits Kai, as do some lesser MSS. in Mk. (A, etc., have 5ia Tov irepav) ; but doubtless Mk. is right here, — Jesus went both into Judsa and into Penea. The passage is not in Luke. On the general question of the alterations and omissions of ^larkan matter in Mt. and Lk. see Hawkins, Hor. S'jnopt. p. 96 ff. He suggests that several Markan pas.sages might be misunderstood as de- rogatory to Jesus or to the Apostles, or might otherwise cause offence ; and therefore were altered by Mt. or by Lk. or by both.