On SHECIAL points : Blass's Philology of the Gospels (ori- ginal language, and the text) ; Deissniann's Bible Studies, Eng. tr. 1901 (the language) : Dalman's Words of Jesus, Eng. tr. 1902 (esp. on the Aramaisms) ; Westcott-Hort's New Testament in Greek, as above, and Salmon's Textual Criticism (the Greek text); Burkitt's Eoangelion da-Mepharreshe, 2 vols. 1904 (the Sinaitic Syriac text); Pusey - G William's Tetraeuangelium Sanctum, 1901 (the Peshitta Syriac text) ; also many articles in the Expositor and the JThSt. Of the latter may be mentioned : i. 278, Burkitt on 15:« ; i. 290, Lake on the text of Codex '^ ; ii. 1, Stanton on pseudo-Peter and its bearing on Justin and Mk. ; ii. Ill, Burkitt on 832 ; ii_ 298, Allen on Aramaic Gospels ; v. 321, Sanday on our Lord's 'silence,' esp. in Mk. ; v. 330 and vi. Va, Burkitt and Bartlet on Mk. in the Early Church ; v. 451, Burkitt on 1461 ; y. 628, Burkitt on 'St. Mark and Divorce' (cf. v. 621, Lyttelton on ' Divorce ') ; vi. 237, Jackson on lO-iO ; vi. 563, Chapman on Irenseus and the date of Mt. and Mark.
A. J. Maclean. MARKET, MARKET-PLACE {ayop6.).—i. Locnl- ity and appearance. — The landscape of Palestine was characterized by the number of its villages and the absence of isolated dwelling-houses on the cultivated lands. This was due to the joint ownership and tillage of the village fields and to the importance of living together for common safety. The Oriental always Uved in the midst of neighbours (Lk 15''-''), and sought his home in ' a city of habitation' (Ps 107^«). The Palestine village had a path of communication leading tlirough it to other villages, and this thoroughfare, or the widest and most central part of it, l^ecame the market-place. A few small shops opened upon the roadway representing the simjile village traffic in food and clothing, and tlie manual skill
of the carpenter and the blacksmith. In the larger towns tlie single shop of a kind became a street, row, or enclosed square devoted to the manufacture and sale of particular articles, each being thus known as the fruit-market, the shoe-makers' street, or the khan of the silver-smiths (Jer 37^^ Jn 5'-^).
2. Uses and associations. — Beside the fountain or large tree of the market-place to which the village often owed its name and choice of locality, muleteers and other travellers rested their baggage animals, and told of what had happened by the way. There the elders of the village could be met with (Ac 16'"- -"), and the children naturally col- lected and played where there was most to be seen and heard (Lk 7^-). In the market-place, day- labourers gathered at dawn from different quarters and waited to be engaged (Mt 20^). There men met and greetings were exchanged, a scale of dis- tinction being carefully observed, from the recogni- tion accorded to equals and neighbours up to the salutation ofl'ered to those whom it was piiident or becoming to hold in honour on account of seniority, family connexion, worldly prosperity, or religious position (Mt 23^, Lk W^). On account of the coming and going of strangers and the im- portation of foreign wares, the Pharisee washed his hands on returning from the market, as he might have unavoidably or inadvertently touched something that was classified as defiling, or that had itself previously come into contact with what imparted such ceremonial defilement (Mk 7^).
3. In Gentile toivns. — Under the Gra'co-Koman influences the marketplace of an Oriental city became a broad paved way, with a colonnade on eatth side marking ofi' two side-walks for foot- passengers. Such was the agora of Ephesus (Ac 16"* 17"), leading in a direct line, with branching side streets of the ordinary kind, from the canal quay to tiie amphitheatre at the other end. The street called 'Straight' (9^^) in Damascus was thus laid out. In Rome, the Forum was a similar localizing of trade and munici[ial business.
G. M. Mackie. MARKS OF JESUS. -See Stigmata.
MARRIAGE (I.).— ^1. Oriental estimate of mar- riage.— Of the three great events in family life — birth, marriage, and death — that of marriage Avas rendered important by the amount of con- sideration devoted to the choice of son-in-law or daughter-in-law, to the settlement of the custom- ary financial conditions, and to the arrangements connected with the wedding festivities. It was I'ecognized as a step leading to grave consequences, for, in the case of a daughter, if the marriage should prove unsatisfactory, she Avould likelj' return to her former home discredited and un- happy, and there would be a feeling of irritation and injustice between the families concerned. An almost equal anxiety attended the arrival of the young wife to live with her husband's parents, and to perform her duties under the often exacting superintendence of her mother-in-law. In a deci- sion thus affecting the whole circle of relatives, it was considered natural and inevitable that both the selection of the individual and the settlement of all financial matters should be decided by the parents and guardians of those about to be married. The impulsive self-will of Esau which showed itself in the contempt of his birthright, led him to set aside the above tradition by marrying two of the daughters of Heth (Gn 2&-*- ^^ 27""'). Woman was not thought of as having a personal existence at her own disposal, but as a unit in the family, and under the protection and authority of her male relatives. In marriage she was practically the purchased posses.sion of her husband, becoming he fdah to him as her hdcd, or owner and master.