hich in practice does not e.xceed £500 (Koran, A. 173 ; Lane's Arabian Nights, vi. 8). Tlie Jewish Rabbis distinguished betAveen manslaughter and
MURMUR, MURMURING
MUSTARD
2il
murder (Ex 21^^- ") : only in the latter case did capital jjiinishment follow (Edersheim, History of tlic Jewish Nation, p. 375 f. ; W. R. Smith, ES- p. 420). Self-murder is rare among Semitic peoples, though cases do occur (Mt 27^, Ac P* ; Jos. BJ ill. viii. 5). T. H. Weir.
MURMUR, MURMURING (Lat. murmur, a re- duplication of an imitative syllable mur ; cf. Gr. fiop/LLvpu}). — A low continuous sound, as of a stream or of bees, hence a whispering, something said in a low muttering voice. The verb represents : —
(1) yoyy^^ai, to murmur, say in a low tone ; according to Pollux and Phavorinus, it was used of the cooing of doves, like royUp'^ti^ and ■vovtlopitu of the more elegant Greek writers. It is found in the Gospels with the accusative of the thing said (Jn 732), with T-f.> mo; (Jn G-"" 73-'), x^ra. t.vc; (Mt 2011), -.^5- Tjva (Lk 5-'U), and u-ii' a.K),/,>.ut (Jn 6^). (2) linytyy-Jiu Only in Lk. (152 197)^ where Suz seems to give the idea of a general pervasive murmuring through the whole assembly, or perhaps it means alternative murmuring 'among one another,',' certandi significationem addit' (Hermann). (3) iuSpiuxirOcci is used in one passage (Mk 14-5) of the disciples murmuring against Mary ; it implies that they were moved with indignation. The noun ■yoyyuiru.c; occurs Only once in the Gospels (Jn 712) ; jt ^s well as yoyyiil^tii and iiocyoyytyZu are frequently used in LXX of Israel in the wilderness.
The word ' murmur ' appears in itself to have a neuti'al meaning, the context deciding whether it expresses favour, doubt, or hostility ; hence in several cases ' muttering ' or ' whispering ' might be a better rendering. For its use in a friendly sense see Jn 7'^-^-, where the murmuring was that of persons Avho believed on Jesus, and who said, ' When tlie Christ shall come, will he do more signs than those which this man hath done ? ' — a dangerous omen to the Pharisees. The noun yoyyva-fjios, as used in 7'"^, includes both favour and hostility : ' There was much murmuring among the multitudes concerning him ; some said. He is a good man ; others said. Not so, but he leadeth the multitude astray.' It implies a discussion low and wliispered, not free and open ; it was hardly safe to speak out plainly, for they feared the Jews (cf. 7*'- ■*'). The development of such difterences of opinion is recorded in Jn 6^- ' they strove {e/xdxoi'To)
one with another
J-*^ ' there arose a division
(axifr/J-a) in the multitude because of him ' ; cf. also 916 1019 11«- •is. The sense of doubt and dissatisfac- tion predominates in Jn 6^'- ■'^, as also in 6^^ ' his disciples murmured at this,' namely, at the 'hard saying.' There is some uncertainty as to what precisely is here meant : wlietlier tlie new teaching of life through death (Westcott) ; tlie paradoxical nature of the words just siioken by Jesus, tlie need of eating His flesh and drinking His blood (Godet) ; His claim to have come down from heaven (Lampe and others) ; tlie apparent pride with which He connected the salvation of the world witli His own Person (Tholuck, Hengstenberg) ; or the bloody death of the Messiah (de Wette, Meyer). Dis- satisfaction is seen highly intensified in Lk 5^ 15-, where the Pharisees and the scribes murmured because He ate with p\tl)licans and sinners. Com- pare also 19'', where all, apparently even the Twelve, shared in it with a sense of outrage done to pro- prietj' ; Edersheim calls it a murmur of disappoint- ment and anger ; but perhaps Bengel is more correct, ' ex hiesitatione potius quod ad majorem partem attinet quam cum indignatione.' Hostile murmuring is found in the parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard (^It 20"). and in the story of the Anointing in the house of Simon the leper (^Ik 14-^).
W. H. DUNDAS.
MUSIC. — The Jews cultivated music from the earliest times, perliaps the more because sculpture and painting were practically forbidden (Ex 20^). Tt gave expression to all their emotions, and found a place in all the chief events of public and private life (cf. OT, 2}(issiin).
1. References in the Gospels are few and in- direct, (a) Song : Mt 26^ i , Lk 15-^ (?) seem to be the only instances, (b) Instruments : Mt 9'-^ IP" 1| pipe (wh. see) or flute (see Flute-PLAYERS) ; 24^1 trumpet (wh. see), probably the curved trumpet as in Ex 19'«. In Dn 3'- ^= (LXX) av/icpwia is usually taken to mean a bagpipe ; but such a meaning in Lk 15-5 is unlikely. It is in the OT that the vari- ous national instruments appear, of which the following are the luinciiial types :—(l) Stringed: lyre (EV 'harp'), harp (EV variously 'psaltery,' ' viol,' ' lute ') ; (2) u-ind : pipe, of wood ; curved trumpet, of horn or (in later times) of metal ; straight trumpet, of silver ; (3) percussion : hand- drum (EV ' tabret,' ' timbrel ') of skin ; cymbals (EV once [Zee 14-"] ' bells ') of brass, used, especially the precentor as it appears from 1 Ch 16', no doubt for rhythmical purposes. Several others are men- tioned, but some are foreign, and the nature of the rest is unknown.