Literature. — The Lexx. of Grimm-Thayer and Cremer, s.v. ovofj.a; Hastings' DB, art. 'Name'; PRE^, art. 'Name'; Bohmer, Das biblische ' Im tiamen ' (1898) ; Conybeare, ' Chris- tian Demonolog-y ' in JQR viii, ix ; Scholten, Das Tauffonnel ; Deissmann, Bibelstiidien, 181 ff.; ExpT vi. [1895] 247, 395, xi. [1899] 3, XV. [1904] 294; Expositor, Oct. 1902, p. 251 fif.; F. H. Chase and J. A. Robinson in JThSt, July 1905 (vi. 481), Jan. 1906 (vii. 186), Jan. 1907 (viii. 161). J. C. LAMBERT.
NAMES. — JeAvish children usually received their names very soon after their birth ; in the case of
^'AMES AND TITLES OF CHRIST XAMES A^'L> TITLES OF CHRIST 219
male cliildren, at the time of their circumcision on the eighth da\- (Lk 1^^ 'Z-'). Tlie name was selected in honour of a parent or relative (l''^), or because of some circumstance connected with the birth of the diild, as in the case of Tliomas (Aram. «<"•«?, Gr. OaJjuas), meaning ' twin ' ; in the case of our Lord and of John the Baptist tlie name had been selected beforehand hy special Divine communication (Mt 1-^, Lk P*"). Indeed, Jewish names generallj- were significant, referring to some trait^in the child, actual or prophetic ; some feeling or hope of the parent at the time of the birth, though this was perhaps not so generally true as in the early OT period. Such old-fashioned names still survived in names like Xathanael (Xa^avaijX, Heb. '^xi^j ' God gave ') ; Zucluii'iah {Zaxapias, Heb. r.nz] ' Jehovah remembered ').
Surnames were quite common in NT times. Frequently one person was distinguished from anotlier of the same name by the adding of the fathers name, joined by the Aramaic word bar (-15), ' son of,' as in Simon ho.r-Jonri (Mt 16'"), and also in such names as Bartholomeic, 'son of Tolmai,' and Barahbas, '.son of a father.' The Greek idiom is frequentl3- followed, however, as in Jn 2P" ' Simon of Jonas ' ; or, written more fully with vl6%, ' son,' ' Simon son of Jonas " (l''^).
The presence of two names for the same person in the Gospels is sometimes to be accounted for by the fact that many of the people of Palestine in Christ's day were bilingual. Hence persons would have an Aramaic and a Greek name, the .second translating the first, or being quite similar in sound. The Greek for Thomns ( ' twin ') \\a.&Dichjm us (Jn 11'^); for Ccph'i.s (xrr 'stone") it was Peter {Herpos, l*^). Many of the Jews mentioned in the Gospels are known to us only by Greek names, so widespread had the influence of that language become; cf. ^[Ximros, Philip (1*), and 'AvSpeas, Andrew (Mt 4'«).
A noteworthy feature of personal names in Christ's day — though the cu.stom existed much earlier and was widespread (cf. Gn 32-*, Dn 1") — was that of changing the name or adding a new name at some important crisis in the life, or because of some manifest characteristic of the person so named (Mt W^, Mk S'^.iS)
Surnames were sometimes given from the place where one lived or from which one came, as in the case of Judas Iscariot (wh. see), Mk 3^^ ; or from the party to which one belonged : Simon the Zealot (Z77\an-7js), Lk Q^^.
On names applied to Christ see following article.
LrrERATTRE.— Hastings' DB, art. ' Names, Proper' ; EBi, art. 'Names'; Schiirer, HJP ii. i. 47; A. Wright, Some S.T. Prolleiiu, 66 (in St. Mark), 74 (in St. Luke).
E. B. Pollard. NAMES AND TITLES OF CHRIST. — That
special sigTiificance is attached in the Gospels to the names which are applied to our Lord, is clearly suggested by the rea.'ion assigned by the angel of the Lord for the name which he directed Joseph and Mary to bestow upon the Babe whose birth he foretold. ' Thou shalt call his name Jesus : for he shall save his people from their sins' (Mt 1-'). This explanation of the name Jesus suggests that the other titles that are used to distinguish our Saviour have each its own didactic purpose, and are intended to shed light on some special aspect of Christ's mission and nature.
1. Jesus. -The name I)i\"inely bestowed upon our Lord, ' Jesus ' ('IijcroCs, the Gr. equivalent of the Heb. Joshua or Jeshua i^cnn-, yic*:), 'Jehovah is salvation,' was one of the commonest of male names among the Jews. Its bestowal upon Christ had, as is expressly stated in Mt l-\ peculiar and special significance. It meant that the bearer of the name should in this unique instance of its
application be in the fullest sense all that the word meant, the Divinely sent Saviour of His people, and in particular that the salvation which He should work out should be a moral and spiritual, not a temporal deliverance. The name Jesus, as being that by which He was commonly known among His countrymen, is used by the Evangelists as a proper name, with or without the addition of other names or titles employed by way of distinc- tion. See separate article and also Salvatiox.
2. Immanuel.— In connexion with the miraculous birtli of Jesus and with the as.surance that in Him should be fulfilled the promise of the Messiah, St. Matthew applies the prophecy (Is T^-*), ' Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a .son, and they shall call his name Immanuel, which is, being interpreted, God with us' (Mt 1^). The thought present to the Evangelist, in his use of this prophecy of Isaiah, is that which was embodied in the OT types of the Tabernacle and the Temple, and may be compared with the use in the Fourth Go.spel of the expression, ' The Word was made flesh and dwelt (icrK-fivwaev, lit. ' tabernacled ') among us' (Jn 1"). The name Immanuel, as applied to Christ in respect of His Incarnation, thus denotes the union of the Divine and the human natures in the person of the God-man. See also separate article.