The following are passages of this sort : Mt l-- 23 215. n. !•<. 23 817 1217- -21 21-1. 5 27«. 10, Jn 2" 121«6 l'J-->- M- 37. See, further, art. Prophecy.
LiTERATiRE. — Beyschlag, NT TheoL, Eng. tr. bk. i. chs. i.-v.; Stevens, ST Tkeol. 19U4, pp. 17-28, Edinburgh; B. Weiss, Bibl. Theol. uf yr, Eng. tr. 1SS5-1889, vol. i. § 24 ; Nosgen, Geseh. der ST O^'enbanuKj, erster Band, 'Gesch. Jesu Christi,' 1S91 ; Wendt, Teachiiuj of Jesus, vol. i. p. 173 to vol. ii. p. 48 ; Tholuck, Die Benjrede Christ i^, 1872 [Eng. tr. from 4th German ed., Minburgh, 1860, pp. 115-144] ; Votaw, art, ' Sermon on the Mount ' in Ilastings' DB, Ext. Vol. pp. 22-2.5 ; see also the Comiii. on Mt 51". l» ; Baur, A'i' Theol. 46-60; Kahler, Jesws uad das AT, 1896; Lechler, SK, 1854, p. 787 ff., 'Das Alte Testament in den Reden Jesu ' ; Macfarland, Jesus and the Prophets, 19U5 ; E. Mackintosh, Christ and the Jewish Law, 1886 ; S. Mathews, The Messianic Hope in the ST, 1905, pp. 57-133 ; Meinhold, Jesus und das AT, 1896; Osiander, 'Die Stellung Jesu zum Gesetz ' in SK, 1890, p. 103 ff. ; Peters, ' Christ's Treatment of the OT' in JBL, 1896, vol. xv. pp. 87-105; P. Ewald, 'Zu Mt 51719 ■ in ZKW'L, 1886, pp. 499-518; cf. also Orelli, ib. 1884, pp. 233-291. F. B. DeXIO.
OLD TESTAMENT (II. Ciirist as .student and interpreter of). — 1. Importance of the subject. —
In studying the Gospels, it is hardly possible to exaggerate tiie importance of the subject of Christ's knowledge of and use of tlie Scriptures of the OT. These constituted the main part of the literature of His fellow-countrymen, and by all of them were regarded with a reverence second to nothing else.
In our own day it has become possible to study this subject as no previous generation has ever had the opportunitj' of doing. Careful textual investigation of the NT has enabled us to be much more sure of the actual form of the text than ever before, and the patient comparative study of the Gospels has set forth their inter-relation and dependence upon one an- other in a clearer fashion for the ordinary reader than at any other time. Much more care has also been expended on the Study of the OT, both in Hebrew and in Greek, and, consequently, the influence of the latter version upon the language of the NT has been rendered clearer. Much study has also been given to the language of the NT, so that we are better able to tell when the LXX influences it, and when the vocabulary is less that of the OT than it is of the common contemporary speech. The discoveries of recent years amon^ the papyri of Egypt have given us much insight into the ordinary Greek of the period, so that many words formerly supposed to belong exclusi\ely to the LXX are now known to belong to the everyday language of the market-place. Investigations of another order have made us better acquainted than before with the vast amount of literature current in the circles of Judaism, only a small portion of which is contained in the Apocr>"pha of our English Bible. The various Apocalypses in particular exerted an immense influence upon the generation to which our Lord belonged, and much of their language and ideas can be traced in the pages of the Gospels. Again, the mere improvement in the methods of printing has made the study of this subject easier for present- day students. Take such a copy of the Greek text as that of Westcott and Hort. A cursory examination of it shows that not only actual quotations, but even reminiscences, when these consist of not more than a word or two, are printed in uncial tj-pe, and so reveal at a glance the fact that there are traces of the OT in the passage. It is very striking to run through the Gospels in such a form, and to find how large a portion of them, comparatively speaking, is made up of OT phraseology-. _ A similar expedient is carried out in the Twentieth Century NT, save that there quotations and reminiscences from the Apoc- ryphal literature are also indicated. In Weymouth's translation, The AT in Modern Speech, the actual quotations from the OT are also indicated in special t>7)e, and more clearly still these various sources are indicated in Weizsacker's German translation of the NT. All these are indications of how thoroughly modem scholars realize the importance of setting forth the presence of OT language in the text of the NT. This, however, is not mainly of antiquarian or historical interest, but derives its greatest significance from the bearing that it has upon the personal thought and action of our Lord. It is always of the greatest interest and significance to discover the intellectual forces that have moulded any great personality. ' Books that have influenced me' always constitute an illuminative section of the autobiography of any great thinker or writer ; and to dis- cover that the recorded conversations and addresses of our Lord reveal to us as clearly as they do the literature upon which He has nurtured His own soul, is a great help both in the interpre- tation of His teaching and in the understanding of His message and mission.