passages is of immense significance for us, there- fore, as showing that it is the truths embodied in the ■\\Titing which we have to discover and applj-, and that the mere outward form of the revelation is of little significance. — (c) Again, it is helpful to find that Jesus recognizes the process of evolution that took place in OT revelation. It is not onlj-^ that He sets aside certain precepts of the Law, but that He sees clearlj' that those who in the past were deprived of the i3ri\ileges that a later age possessed would also be judged in accordance with their opportunities. Thus Tj-re and Sidon and the queen of Sheba would find more lenient treatment in the Daj* of Judgment than the cities that had the opportunity of receiving Christ, but rejected Him. This great spiritual principle carries us very far in the treatment not only of OT problems, but in that of the relation of God to heathen jieoples, and in the manner in which Ave regard the revelation contained in other religious systems. When He speaks of Abraham 'seeing his day,' it is also an indication of the same mental attitude, and recognizes the reality of the apprehension of gTeat spiritual truths, even when these are veiled under forms of expression that render them difficult of apprehension. — [d) Of great significance also is the manner in which Jesus used the OT as the scnirce of His own spiritual life. It is not only, as we have seen, that He was so imbued with its letter and spirit that He could employ it at all moments of temptation and trial, but also that He based upon it His gi-eatest doctrines, developing and purifj'ing the idea of the Divine Fatherhood, the Kingdom of righteousness, the Messiah, the Final Judgment, the Holy Sj^irit, and the mission of Israel (see Charles in Expos. VI. v. [1902] p. 258). He foimd also, it would appear, the very forms of His teaching in OT examples. The parable, which lias been so often regarded as His most significant invention, is not infrequent in the pages of the prophets. The aphoristic forms in which so many of His utterances are cast seem based upon the language of the Book of Proverbs ; while, as we have seen, the longer addresses have a resemblance to sections of the Wisdom literattire. He was Himself reckoned by His contemporaries to be a gi-eat prophet, so that they saw the resemblance between His words and those of His gi-eat pre- decessors. As a preacher, therefore. He found His models in the religious literature of His own people, and a careful study of the use He made of these, the modifications that He found requisite, and the development that His own religious genius efi'ected, may all be of the greatest value to those who have in the jjresent day to apply not only Christ's teaching, but that Avhich He Himself received and accepted, and which is implied in all that He taught. (See for interesting and valuable discussions of this latter point, Bugge, Die Haupt- Parabeln Jesu ; and Fiebig, Altjiul. Gleichnisse und die Gleichnisse Jesu).
LlTERATfRE. — The two best books for a careful study of the subject treated in the above article are Hiihn, Die Alttest. Citate laid fieminiscenzen im yT, and Dittmar, \'etus Test, in yovn. Both of these works contain most careful references to the OT parallels, and also to the passages in the extra-canonical literature ; and, where questions of various readings or other difficulties occur, these also are noted and discussed. Probably the best work in English of a similar nature is C. H. Toy, Qtu>tation.<: in the XT. This has the advantage of printing in important passages the Hebrew, LXX, and XT texts side by side, and contains fuller discussions of many passages than the German volumes. But, on the other hand, its references are not so full. An older, but useful book, is Turpie's The Old Test, and the Xeir, which has nuich information, not given, how- ever, in very careful fashion ; and another work by the same author bears on the question. The Seiv Test, vie'c of the Old. A valuable chapter by S. Davidson on Quotations from the OT and the XT is contained in Home's Introdiu;tion'^<>, vol. ii. pt. 1, chs. 28 to 32. Of great value is the discussion of the sub- ject by Clemen in his Der Gebrarieh des AT in den ST Schri/ten, pp. 20-26. For a more popular treatment, see Roie
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Rae, How Jesua handled Hnly Writ; Peters, 'Christ's Treat- ment oi the OT,' Journal of Bib. Lit. \ol. xv. pp. 87-105 ; Leipoldt, Entgtehung des NT Canons [1907], § 3. Rererence may also be made to Grinfield, Nooum Testainentum Grceeum, Editio Hellenistica ; Palfrey, The Relation between .Judaism and Christianity, illustrated in Notes on the Passaxjes in the XT ; Swete, Introd. to the OT in Greek, pt. 3, ch. 2 . Dalman, The Words of Jesus ; A. Meyer, Jesu Muttersprache ; Schiirer, II JP II. ii. ; Wendt, The ' Teaching of Jesus ; Barth, Die Ilauptprobleme des Lebens Jesu, pp. 7 to IS, 71 to 103; Mc-inhold, Jesii^ itnd das AT; H. J. Holtzmann, Lehrbvch der XT TheoL, vol. i. pp. 110-150 ; Ross, The Teaching of Jesus, ch. 12 ; Clarke, The i^se of the Scriptures in Theologu, c. ii. The Commentaries on the various Gospels should also be consulted, and the best editions of the Apocrypha and Apoca- li-psss, as also Grifiinhoofe, Tlie Unwritten Sayings of Christ; and Preusohen, Antilegomena (a convenient edition of the orio-inal passages). See individual articles in the follo\\'ing : ExpT K. [1898-99] p. 2S1 ; Expositor, iii. vii. [1888] p. 105 ff., vi. V. [19u2] pp. 52ff. and 135 ff., and xi. [1905] pp. 340 ff. and 440 ff.; cf. Westcott-Hort, The ST in Greek, vol. ii. pp. 174-178.