(3) l7i its limitations. The patience of Christ had its limits, as every noble patience has. Those limits were not where, at first, we might expect to find them ; He was patient with His disciples' dulness, though it grieved Him (Lk 24^^'-). He never lost patience under the opposition of His enemies (IP^ 20-'"-). But when it was suggested that He should avoid the cross (Mt 16--'-), and Avhen He was confronted with the spiritual assump- tions of the Pharisees, His patience reached its limits. Self-indulgence and self-deception Avere sins Avith Avhich Christ had no patience (see Stop- ford A. Brooke, Sermons, 2nd series, ' Patience and Impatience')
(4) In its implications. The patience, of Christ is set before believers, directly (2 Th 3^) and in- directlj' (1 P 2'-"-), as an example and an inspiration. There is in Christ ' a type and fountain of patience ' in Avhich the possibilities of endurance are ex- hibited, and from Avhich the grace for endurance to the uttermost may be gathered. The patience of Christ represents the passive side of Christian good- ness, 'its deliberate, steady, hopeful endurance, in the spirit of Him Avho Avas made perfect through sufi'ering ' (Denney, Expos. Bible, 'Epp. to Thess.' p. 372).
2. Human patience is mentioned : (a) in Lk 8^^, Avith reference to the perseverance Avith which the fruit of God is brought forth in the believer's life. Spiritual fruitfulness is not easily attained. A con- sistent Christian character is Avrought only by long patience. Christ sets the staying poAver of A'ital faith in contrast Avith the passing fervour of those Avho lightly receive and as liahtly abandon the Avord of trutli (cf. Lk 8'^). (b) In Lk 2P«, in the course of Christ's prediction of the sorroAvs that should befall during the struggle Avith Rome. RV is much the preferable rendering. Its meaning may be summed up thus, ' Heroic perseA'erance Avins the croAvn' (Lindsay, Gospel of St. Luke, in lac).
LiTERATrRE.— H. Bushnell, T/ie Setv Life (I860) ; A. Ritschl, The Chr. Doct. of Jiifstiricatioti atid Reconciliation (Eiiij. tr. 1900), 625 ; J. T. Jacob, Christ the Indiveller (1902), 149 TC. L. Slatter\-, The Master of the World (1906), 121 ; il. Creighton, The Mind of St. Peter (1904), 22 ; M. R. Vincent, The Covenant 0/ Peace (1887), 234. JaMES MURSELL.
PAUL.— See Appendix.
PAVEMENT.— The Avord occurs only in Jn 19^^ as one of the names by Avhich Avas knoAvn the locality otherAvise called Gabbatha (avIi. see). In
330
PAVEMENT
PEACE
classical usage XiOoarpwrov denotes a stone pave- ment, and later a mosaic or tessellated pavement, in wliicli sense the word passed into Latin. Of recent years beautiful pavements have been found in many places in Palestine ; but so far there is no evidence outside the NT that any locality in Jeru- salem was generally known as either Gabbatha or the Pavement, and no attempted identification of the spot is quite satisfactory. The easiest course is to regard the passage as unhistorical, and the allusions as derived only from the writer's imagin- ation and introduced to give verisimilitude to the narrative ; but such an explanation is itself as subjective as the pleas it adopts. That the refer- ence is to the paved forecourt of the Temple, or to the usual meeting-place of the Sanhedriri, is rendered unlikely by the absence of the designation from Jewish literature, as well as by the improbability that Pilate Avould choose any partially consecrated spot for the inquiry. On the other hand, there are Latin usages which seem to connect the locality witii the governor's official or temporary residence. Julius Caesar is described by Suetonius ( Vit. Div. Jul. 46) as carrying about Avith him on his military expeditions a tessellated pavement, which was laid down in his encampments as marking the sjiot from which judicial decisions and addresses to the soldiers were given. Jos. {Ant. XVIII. iv. 6) reports that Philip the tetrarch similarly carried his tribunal with him [rod Op6vov ei's dv tKpive Kade^ofj-evos iv rah oSots ewo/xivov), but there is no reference to a portable mosaic. In the case of Pilate, it is possible that he would be disposed to imitate the procedure of the Emperor, or even that of a petty sovereign, but in this matter no record to such an effect has been found ; and whilst the course would not be without danger, it is not easy to think that a locality would derive its name from being one of many places on which a movable pavement was once or occasionally laid. That, moreover, there were, as a rule, in the larger centres of population, fixed places for the administration of justice is not unlikely. The provincial basilicas were often law- courts as well as exchanges, the tribunal being set in the semicircular apse, of which the raised floor was certainly paved, and exactly the kind of spot to attract a designer. There may not have been any such basilica at Jerusalem, or at least the remains of one have not so far been clearly identi- fied. Jos. {BJ II. ix. 3 : Kad'ura^ iirl p-qfxaros iv tQ fxeydXaj cTTadiq}) has been cited in support of a view that Pilate used ' the open market-place ' (so Whiston, followed by many) at Jerusalem for the administration of justice ; but the passage refers to Csesarea, and the rendering of (rrddiov as a synonym of dyopd is not well established. Each stationary camp, again, had its tribunal, some- times formed of turf but more frequently of stone, and from it the general addressed the soldiers and the tribunes administered justice. In Jerusalem the garrison occupied the castle of Antonia, within which would be the tribunal used in cases of military discipline, but probably not for the hear- ing of Jewisli complaints and causes. Pilate him- self would reside in Herod's palace (cf. Philo, ad Gaium, 31, and the practice of Oessius Florus in Jos. BJ II. XV. 5), as did also the procurator at Cajsarea (Ac 2Z^). It was a magnificent building, lined outside with spacious porticoes. Here it was natural that the Jews should present themselves when seeking the execution of Jesus (Jn 18-^ W), who Avas apparently confined in the palace (19^- ^3*). And one of these paved porticoes may Avell have been known Avithin the palace as the Pavement, upon Avhich stood the judgment-seat, under an open cupola or Avithin a rounded porch.