Alex. Souter.
PILGRIM.— 1. Although the word is not found in the Gospels, they constantly indicate the place of the annual pilgrimages in the life and thought of the people. There is always an air of move- ment over the scenes, and a frequent change of setting in tlie lives of the men and women ; they are constantly moving to and fro as the festivals come round. The parents of Jesus kept this cus- tom, and at the age of twelve Jesus made Avith them His first (?) pilgrimage (Lk 2^i-4«). In the Fourth Gospel there are many references to other visits to the feasts (Jn 2" 5^ V^ lO^^ ips- ^). No mention is made of them in the Synoptic (jospels ; but it may safely be assumed that Jesus had often made the journey to Jerusalem with the caravans of pilgrims (cf. Mt 23^'). The custom explains the rapidity with which news spread ; the name of Jesus had become a familiar word in such places as Jericho on the main route (Lk 18^^-^^). The last journey to Jerusalem was made among pilgrims. There is an implied contrast where it is said that Jesus went in silence before His disciples ; pilgrims marched with song and rejoicing (Ps 42^), but silence and fear marked the disciples (Mk 10^^). The multitudes who hailed Jesus as He entered Jerusalem included many Galilean pilgrims, not without a certain local pride (Mt 2P, Jn 12^^). The rejection of Jesus by the Samaritan village (Lk 17^^'^^) was due to their knowledge that Jesus and His band, though taking the less familiar route, were pilgrims to the hated Jerusalem (Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah [abridged ed. of LT\, p. 297). In estimating the rapid progress of the Christian faith, especially amongst the Dispersion, it must be remembered that many strangers, such as Simon of Cyrene (Lk 23'-*'), would be at the feast, and Avould carry away some knowledge to jirepare their minds for the Apostolic message.
2. These pilgrim experiences illustrate some of the words of Jesus. The disciple must travel through tlie world with heart detached and his treasure laid up in heaven (Lk 12^^ Mt 61"). His must be the straitened way, not the broad path (Mt 7^^) ; to follow in the way he must give up all (Mk 10-", Mt 19-"). In their missionary journeys the disciples have the equipment and the mobility of pilgrims (Mt 10*' etc.). The would-be disciple must expect to be homeless (8^"). The disciples are to be sojourners who guard against the dangers of an alien world from which they must be detached
(cf. He 1113, 1 P 211, ^vhere the word 'pilgrim' [TrapeviS-qixos} is used). In the Fourth Gospel Jesus denies (Jn 4^^) that the annual pilgrimage will be an abiding necessity. Everywhere He speaks of Himself as sojourning in the world for a Divine purpose (81'* 16^^ 13^'^) ; the disciples must so look upon their life (12^^ 1716) They are in the world, but not of it (I715-18 151S) ; their true home would be in God. But even in their earthly life they would be in one of the mansions (ixovai) of the Father's house (14''^). At intervals along the road stood the caravanserais where travellers lodged. The disciples were like travellers, and His com- panionship had hitherto cheered them. Now He must leave them that He might go forward ; but when they arrived He would be waiting for them. (See D. Smith, The Days of His Flesh, p. 449). To complete the thought of life as a pilgrimage, it is to be remembered that the journey is through the outlying parts of the Father's Kingdom to the centre. See, further, art. Feasts.
LiTEEATURE.— Jos. BJ VI. ix. 3 ; Schiirer, HJP ii. ii. 51, 220 ; Farrar, Life of Christ, ch. vi. ; A. S. Laidlaw, ' The Priest and the Pilgrim ' in EzpT xi. (1900) 345. E. ShILLITO.
PILLOW. — Mk 4'*'' fTTi rb irpoaK€(pd\aLov Kadevdojv, RV ' the cushion. ' The Gr. word occurs in LXX, Ezk 1318- 20 (probably ' fillets ' used as amulets, A. B. Davidson, Ezekiel, 89), 1 Es 3^ (pillow of Darius). Originally it meant a pillow for the head, but it came to be used for any cushion (cf. the English use of ' kerchief,' originally a covering/or the head, as.found in 'neckerchief,' 'handkerchief'). Pollux [Onomast. x. 40) says that the j^oet Cratinus, in his HorK, used it of the sailor's cushion (to vavriKov vTTTjpecriov) ; and Hesychius, s.v. iroTiKpavov, further defines it as ' the leathern cushion (to dep/ndTiKov vwTjpecnov) on which the rowers sit.'
' To mitigate the roughness of the beams or other seats, every rower was provided with a cushion, which he carried about w'th him from ship to ship' (Cecil Torr, Ancient Ships, 47). The following passage in the Strut iota i (v.) of the poet Her- mippus illustrates this : ' 'Tis time now to come along with me, taking the rowlocks and a cushion, that leaping on board thou may est ply the dashing oar.'
Little is known about fishing-boats in the time of our Lord (Hastings' DB, Ext. Vol. 367'' ; Encyr. Bibl. iv. 4481 ; Smith's DB iii. 1285). The fisher- men's belongings mentioned in the Gospels are the boat itself (Lk 5^, Jn 2P), with the accompany- ing small boat (Jn 21^), the two kinds of nets (Mt 418 13^7), the hook (17^'), the baskets (13^^)^ ^i^g fishei-'s coat (Jn 2V), and the cushion. It is clear that the condition of the fishermen of the Lake of Gennesaret was considerably removed from one of absolute poverty ; we have other evidences of this in Mk po ('the hired .servants'), Lk 8^, Mk 15^"^' (Salome, one of those who ' mini.stered of their substance'), Jn 19"^' (cf. Speaker's Com. i. 203, ii. 276) ; Jos. Vita, 33, BJ 111. x. 1.