The other, or manward, side of reconciliation is one on which a few words will suffice. Its neces- sity and importance are admitted by all. Estranged from God by his sense of guilt, and alienated in the spirit of his mind, the sinner needs, as the first condition of his salvation, to have this enmity of his heart broken down, and new dispositions of penitence and trust awakened. He needs to be moved to say, ' I will arise, and go to my Father ' (Lk 151*). The great dynamic in producing such a change is again the spectacle of God's reconciling love in Christ. ' I, if I be lifted up from the earth,' said Jesus, ' will draw all men unto me' (Jn 12*-). Along both lines, therefore, the Godward and the manward, we come to the Cross of Christ as the centre of the reconciling power of the go.spel. By it we are redeemed from the curse (Gal 2'^' ^i-') ; by it the world is crucified to us, and we unto the world (6^*). The man who truly realizes his re- demption lives no more unto himself, but unto Him who died for him, and rose again (2 Co 5^^).
On the different views wliich have been held in the Church on Christ's reconciling work, see art. IIkdk.vption.
- I.iTicKATUHE.— Kitschl, lieckt. and Vers. iii. (Enjr. tr. Justifi- cation iind Reconciliation) ; D. VV. Simon, lieconciliation bij
**-('opiiright, 190S, bii Cluirlis Srrilnrrr'.i Son
Incarnation ; Camhridge TlieoL KxnatjH (v.)\ art. ' Keconcil- iation' in Hastiiif^s" DB\ works l>y Stevens and Dennej- citeii above. See also V. \V. Itobertson. Serm. iv. 20S ; J. Oaird, Unir. Serm. 92; T. Binnoy, Serm. ii. 51 ; Phillips Brooks, Serm. for the Principal Fextirat-f, 97 ; W. P. l)u Bose, The Soteriologn of the NT(l^i), 47. JamKS OUR
**REDEMPTION.— An Apostle writes of Christ— 'in whom we have our redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses' (Eph 1"). It is proposed in this article to inquire what re- demption in Christ means, how Christ's redemp- tion is effected, and what blessings are included m it.
i. The Biblical doctrine. —
1. The vocabulary.— In the OT the idea of redemption is di.stinctively e.xpressed by the two verbs '^NJ and n-i=3, with their derivatives. The former term is used technically, in the Mosaic law, of the redemption by price of an inheritance (bv a kinsman or the man himself, Lv 25^ff., Itu 44-7 .Jer 327.8), or of thiiifrs vowed (Lv 271-tff.), or of tithes (v. 31ir.) : the latter of re- deemin!r the firstborn of animals or of children (Ex 1813. 15 .3420, Nu ISlStf.). Outside the Law, and in relation to Jehovah, both term.s are used of simple salvation or deliverance, especially when attended by impressive displays of power, or the assertion or vindication of rijjhteousness, or vengeance upon enemies. '^N') appears in this sense in Gn 481", E.\; 6" 15>3; repeatedly in the Psalms (fiflis Ti^i 74^ 10-3« 1061" I072) and in Deutero-Isaiah (4:31 4422.234^20 etc.), and occasionally in other projjhets. nn^
on the other hand, is the favourite term in Dent. (7^ !)2''' etc.), is frequent in the earlier Psalms (27)22 aj.'. etc.), but occurs onlv rarely in Isaiah (P? 2922 511). xhe person who has the right to redeem, or who undertakes the duty, is a ^7X3, or 're- deemer ' (N"u 58, Ru 221' etc. EV ' kinsman ') ; the term is used also to denote the 'avenger of blood' (Nu 35i2, Dt ^y, gt,,.) ; and elsewhere, as in the famous passage Job 1925, j„ ps isju ">>■'"'', and Pr -23", but specially in Deutero- Isaiah (41" 43" etc.), is applied to Jehovah as the all-powerful, holy, and merciful vindicator, deliverer, and avenger of His peo[)le. ' A term related in idea to ' redemption ' is 133 ' ransom.' (See Ransom.)
In the NT the terms by which the idea is directly expressed are ayopa^ui, ' to buy ' or ' purchase ' ( I I 'o (fi" 72'', 2 P 2^, Itev .")■' 143.4— the last tr. in AV, 'redeem '), and its compound efayopa^w, used by St. Paul in Gal S'^ 45; but specially AurpoO/ixat (from Kvrpov, 'a ransom '), and its derivatives (Lk '242', -pi 2", 1 P 1>8). The .special Pauline word for 'redemption' is airoAurpwo-i? (I!o 324 S23, 1 Co 130, Eph 1' etc.,— found also in Lk 2128, He 9'"). The simple form Aurpwo-is occurs in Lk 2^*, He 912. The mean- ing of these expressions is more precisely considered below.
2. The OT preparation. — The foundations of the NT doctrine of redemption are laid in the OT conceptions of the holiness, righteousness, and grace of Jehovah, and of sin as something abhor- rent to Jehovah's holiness, which He must needs condemn and punish, but from which He desires to save. He is the Holy One, who abhors iniquity. Sinners shall not stand in His sight. He visits with severest penalties those who disregard His counsels and persist in their wickedness. Yet He is the Lord God, merciful and gracious, full of compassion and ready to forgive (Ex 34^-7, Ps 103*^) ; He desires not the death of any sinner, but that he should turn from his wickedness and five (Ezk 18-''^ 3;>i2). More specially, He is the covenant-keeping God, who does not allow His promises to fail, but, even when the nation in the mass is rejected, fulfils His word in due season to the faithful remnant, or to the whole people when brought to repentance (Ps 103*- 5, Is Si"- '", Jer 32'''"', Hos li»" 2i-*«- etc.). In this it is already implied that Jehovah will manifest His power, rigliteousness, and love in helping and saving His people, in vindicating their cause when oppressed, in visiting their adversaries with judgments, and in working out great and astonishing deliverances for them when the hour comes for the fulfilment of His promises. It follows that His relation to them, and His concern for their good, will be seen in the course of their history in a succession of acts of redemption.