In the Gospels adi^eiv occurs 54 times (not count- ing Lk 17^^, where ^(j}oyovr)(T€i is better attested than o-wo-et of the TR, nor Mt 18", a verse omitted by the best authorities). The noun (xurripia occurs
5 times (not counting aiuivLo^ crwrripia in the rejected shorter conclusion of Mk.)— Lk l''»- ''• " 19«, Jn 4^2.
SALVATION
SALVATION
553
TO (7coTrjpi.oi> is t'oiiiul twk-e — Lk :2*' 3''. Of the in- stances of tliis use of the verb 14 relate to tlie de- liverance from disease or demoniacal possession^ Mt 92l•2-'^'^, Mk S-^*-'-**-^^ B^" 10=-', Lk 8»«- ^«- =" 17^** 18'^^ Jn IP^ ; in 20 instances tiie reference is to the rescue of pliysical life from some impending peril or instant death— Mt 8« 14^*" i6» 27^"- ^- '"* ■*», Mk 34 835 i5»i. n bi,^ Li^ Q!) 924. 5« 2333''"- 37- 3», Jn 12-' ; in the remainder of cases, 20 times, the reference is to religious salvation technically so called — Mt 1'-' 10-- 19-3 24'3- 22, Mk 8^= W 13'3- ^^ W\ Lk 7^" S^'-' 9-^ 1323 1826 1910^ Jn 317 5W iy» 12-''. The noun awr-npia is used twice in the UT sense of deliverance from the enemies of Israel — Lk !*"• ''' ; and 3 times in the more specifically religious sense — Lk 1" 19", Jn 4-^. rb ao]T7)piov in Lk 2'*'' has the same dis- tinctly religious associations ; in 3'' it stands in a quotation from Is 40^, where the meaning is eschatological from the OT point of view.
1. First we examine the passages relating to the deliverance from diseases or demoniacal jwsses- sion. The question is whetlier the import of jui^eiv here is exhausted by the notion of ' healing.' The Greek word has this meaning, being con- nected with <Tuis {ados), ' whole,' ' sound,' therefore (7wffiv= ' to render whole, sound.' The AV accord- ingly renders in most of these cases ' to make whole' or 'be whole,' in two 'to heal' (Mk 5=^ Lk 8^'*), in one ' to do well ' (Jn 11^'^), and only once 'to save' (Lk IS"*-). In one instance it otters 'to save ' as a marginal reading for ' to make whole ' (Mk 10=^). KV everywhere follows the render- ing of AV except that it makes the two passages wliere the latter has ' to heal ' and the one passage where it has ' to save ' uniform with the others ; further, that it renders in Jn 11''^ ' to recover,' and that it offers in all passages except Mk 6^ the marginal alternative 'to save.' It should be noticed that on other occasions the Evangelists use, and make Jesus use, different words, whose import is restricted to ' healing ' in the medical sense, and that not only where the object is some disease or disability, but also with a personal object ; so eepaTrevnv (Mt 423- 2-1 8'- 1« 9^5 10^- » 12i»- ^^
I4U 1530 1718.18 192 2114, ]VI1^ p4 32.10.15 65-13, L]^
423. 40 515 67. 18 721 82. 43 91. 6 109 1314 143^ Jn 510) and iaadai_ (Lk 6'« 9-- "• « 14^ 22", Jn 4«). The ques- tion is not, of course, whether the element of ' healing ' as a connotated idea should be entirely eliminated from a-wl^eii'. Not only would this have been impossible to a Greek speaker or writer in cases where the saving act as a matter of fact con- sisted in or involved healing, but it is also ex- cluded by tlie observation that Jesus more than once referred to His saving work as the work of a pliysician, antl in the instruction to His disciples spoke also of it as ' healing ' (Mt Q^- 10'- » 13^5^ Mk 2'', Lk 418 531 91- 2 10"). The only point at issue is whether tlie Evangelists are aware of a difference between statements wliere ' healing ' is designated as such, and other statements where 'healing' is implied, but where for a certain purpose it is char- acterized as 'saving.'
The data above cited show that this last ques- tion must be answered in the affirmative. In view of the fact that Aramaic lies behind the Greek form of the words of Jesus or the Evangelists, we shall also liave to assume a clearly marked ditterence b(!tween the two sets of cases. The additional element which the u.se of craifet;/ intro- duces into the situation is that of deliverance from the sjjhere or jjower of death. In Mk 3*, Lk 6*, while speaking of His healing work, our Lord contrasts o-oifetf witii diroKTeivei.v, which im- plies that He regarded it as the opposite of ' kill- ing,' i.e. as rescuing from death and restoring to life. According to Mk ^-^, the purjiose of ' being saved 'is 'to live.' In Lk 1^ diacrwtfi-v, the use of
tlie preposition marks the process as a transition from death to life. It is true that in some instances the disease or inlirmity from which Jesus saves is not fatal in itself, e.g. the withered- hand (Mk 3-'), tlie issue of blood (o^"), certainly some of the diseases of 6^*, blindness (lO^^), gtill even here the act of .saving is viewed not from a medical point of view, but from the religious point of view, according to wliicli all disease and in- firmity lie on the side of death, so that it belongs to the function of one who delivers from death to work deliverance from these consequences of sin and precursors of death likewise.