Ltterature.— Lightfoot, Hor. Heb. et Talm. (ed. Pitman) xi, xii ; Sohottgen, Hor. Heb. et Talm. 1732 ; Surenhusius, maon 133 sive jH^Xos xa.Toi.>.Ka.yf,;, 1713 (pp. 1-36) ; Dopke, Herineneutik d. J^T Schriften, 1829 (i. pp. 60-69) ; Edersheim, LT i. 187, n. 2 ; Weber, Jud. Theo/.'^ (1897) § 20 ; H. J. Hollz- inann, NT Theol., Index ; Weiss, Theol. of NT, § 74a, n. 3, § 1366, n. 5, § 1526, n. 4 ; Sepp, De Leer des NT over de HS des 0 V, 1849 ; Tholuck, Lfeber die Citate der A Tim NT^ ; Turpie, The NT View of the Old, 1872 ; Bohl, Die alttest. Citate in NT, 1878 ; Toy, Quotations in NT, 1884 ; Dittmar, VT in Novo, i. 1899 ; Hiihn, Die alttest. Citate im NT, 1900 ; Anijer, Ratio qxia loci VT in Enang. Mat. laudantur, 1801 ; E. Haupt, Die alttest. Citate in d. h Evangg. 1871 ; Clemen, Der Gebraxwh d. AT im NTand speciell in den Rcden Jesu, 1891-1893, Der Gebratich der AT in den NT Schriften, 1895 (full literature, p. 19) ; Massebieau, Examen des Citations de I'Ancien Test, dans I'Evang. seloa S. Matthiext, 1885 ; Swete, Gospel ace. to Mark, pp. Ixx-lxxiv ; Franke, Das A T bei Johannes, 1885 (pp. 46-88, 225-281) ; Lechler, ' Das AT in den Reden Jesu ' {TSK, 1854, 4); Grau, Das Selbsthewusstsein Jesv, iv. 1887 ; Barth, Die Hauptproblerru des Lebens Jesu, ii. 1899 [2nd ed. 1903] ; Kautzsch, de VT locis in Paulo, 1809 ; Monnet, Les citations de S. Paul, 1874 ; VoUmer, Die alttest. Citate Paulus, 1895.
B. B. Warfield.
SEA OF GALILEE.— i. Names.— The OT name Chlnncrcth had disajipeared, so far as our purpose is concei'ned, by the time of the Maccabees, and in its place we find a variety of designations. It is then that the familiar name Gennesarct first makes its appeai'ance in the rb vdiop Yeyv-rjadp of 1 INIac 11'". Josephus uses the forms \l/j.v7j Tewrjadp (BJ III. X. 1), vSara Tevvrjffapa, (A lit. XIII. v. 7), XipLvrj YevvT]- aaplTLs {Ant. XVIII. ii. 1 ; Vita, 65) ; Pliny has Gennesarct [HN v. 15). In the Targums and other Jewish writings the name of the Sea appears as iD'j^ or npuj, these forms supplementing the Heb. Chinnereth. But though the word Gennesarct Avas so familiar to contemporary writers, it appears only once in the NT as applied to the Lake, in the r/ XlpLvrj Vevvrjaap€T of Lk 5^. I'ollowing close upon this, however, r/ \ifj.vr) occurs alone in Lk 5^ g22. 23. 33_ fjjg most popular name in the NT is ' the Sea of Galilee ' (^ ddXaa-aa ttjs VaXiXaias), which occurs five times (Mt 4^» IS^^, Mk ps 1^\ Jn 6^). The word 'Sea' (ddXaaaa) stands alone in Jn 6^^"^^, and the form 'Sea of Tiberias' {OdXaaaa ttjs TijSepiddos) occurs in John 6^ 2V. The modern designation, 'Lake of Tiberias,' does not occur in the NT. It is found for the first time as Xlfivrj TijSepis in Pausanias (v. 7).
Many explanations have been offered of the origin of the word Gennesaret. Lightfoot (and others) sought to derive it from the OT Chinnereth, which it was supposed to replace. Such an origin, however, seems very improbable, not only on philological grounds, but because the latter name also remains simply transliterated in the LXX as x^^-P^^, and was thus quite familiar to the Hellenistic world. Ritter (Geofjr. of Pal.) suggests that it is derived from nyiN [3 or "l^y [3 'garden of treasure,' which term, of course, he refers to the Plain, deriving thence the name of the adjoining Sea. This process is quite natural, and probably correct, but still we may be permitted to doubt his derivation of the name. G. A. Smith {HGHL 443 n.) has also noted that the form points to some compound of [3 'garden,' or 'J valley ; and to us this seems indisputable, so that on the whole we must admit that either the exjDlanation given by Caspari(§ 64), ID 'j: ('gardens of the [lake] basin'), or that of ihe older Rabbis {Ber. Rab 98), lb 'J J (' gardens of the prince '), is most satisfactory. The termination in Gennesaret might then be regarded as the Aramaic determinative form, and com- pared with Nazareth from Nazara.
With reference to the name 'Galilee,' it has been said that it originally designated only that small tract of land given by Solomon to Hiram (1 K 9^^), and that the name gradually extended till in the days of the Maccabees it included Zebulun and Nai)htali, so that only after this took place could the Sea be known by that name. Furrer (Wandericngen) has also drawn attention to the other names. He asserts that Gennesar or Genncsaritis is characteristic of the 1st cent., being found in Josephus, Pliny, and Strabo, while from the 2nd cent, onwards the official designation be- came ' Sea of Tiberias ' ; and as proof of this statement he cites the Palestinian Talmud. He then ventures to infer that Jn 21^ indicates a later date than the rest of the book demands, and at the same time he suggests that Jn 6^ has been emended. This reasoning, however, seems incon- clusive ; for, apart from the fact that the Palestinian Talmud contains much that is old, it .seems im- possible, in view of the conservatism of the Rabbis, that such a name as ' Sea of Tiberias ' should be found in their writings, unless it had been in common use for a considerable time. For the history of the district surrounding the Lake see art. CJALILEE.