5. One other NT analogy is derived from the same figure. As rulers who ' observe dooms from Zeus' are called in the Iliad (i. 263, ii. 243, etc.) iroifj.4v€s XaQv (cf. Mic 5*, Mt 2"), and he that re- ceives authority over the nations ' shall shepherd them with a staH'of iron' (Rev 2'^ 12^ IQis), so the Church receives irot/xdvas Kai SiSatr/cciXous among the gifts of its glorified Lord (Eph 4"). Their duty is to ' tend the flock of God '(IP 5-), ' the flock in "the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers' (Ac 20-**) : it is the false shepherds who 'without fear feed themselves ' ( Jude ^-). In ' tending ' the flock, the first and last duty is to ' feed ' it : /36(r/ce TO. dpvia fjiov, TToliJ-cuvf TO. Tpo^aTtd fiov, p6<rK€ TO. wpo- ^dTid fiov (Jn 21 '■'■'■"). The shepherd's ways with
the sheep may be most winning and his music of the sweetest ; but if he does not minister to them ' the bread of life,' other shepherds will have to be found who will 'feed them' (Jer 23''). As the shepherds themselves belong to the flock of Christ, they are also to be 'examples to the flock,' 'and when the chief Shepherd shall be manifested, ye shall receive the crown of glory that fadeth not away' (1 PS^-^).
Literature. — For the sheep and shepherds of Palestine see Thomson, The Land and the Book, pp. 201-205 ; Geikie, The Holy Land and the Bible, pp. 13, 81-84 ; Post in Hastings' DB iv. 487 ; Shipley and Cooli in Encyc. Bibl. iii. 4441 (cf. ih. i. 711). There are expository sermons in F. W. Robertson, Serm. 2nd ser. (1875) 251 ; H. Alford, Eastertide Serm. (1866), 32, 62 ; B. F. Westcott, Revelation of the Father (1884), 77 ; A. F. W. Ingram, Good Shepherds (1898) ; A. G. Mortimer, Studies in Holy Scripture (1901), 161 ; also W. Lock on ' the Sheep and the Goats ' in The Bible and Chr. Life (1906), 162. For connected subjects see Literature under Atonement, Church, Redeem, Rule (p. 539), Sacrifice. FrANK RICHARDS.
SHEKEL.-See Money.
SHEKINAH (Heb. nr?!? 'that which dwells' or ' resides,' the ' dwelling ').— This term, together with ' the Glory ' (N-ip;) and ' the Word ' or ' Memra ' (no'P, N"ip'p), is used in the Targums as an indirect ex- pression in place of ' God. ' It denotes God's visible presence or glorious manifestation which ' dwells ' among men : the localized presence of the Deity. See art. ' Shekinah ' in Hastings' DB. In the NT the term Shekinah appears in more than one Greek form. The invisible Shekinah is also alluded to, as well as the visible. The visible Shekinah, though distinct from ' the glory,' was associated in the closest way with the Divine ' glory.' It Avas conceived of as the centre and source from which the glory radiated. In the NT this ' Shekinah- giory' is several times denoted by 56^a. The classical passage is Ro 9^, where St. Paul, enumer- ating the list of Israel's privileges, says: 'whose is the adoption, and the glory,' i.e. the Shekinah- glory, ' the visible presence of God among His people' (cf. also Ac 7^ where St. Stephen speaks of ' the God of glory,' i.e. the God whose visible presence, manifested in the Shekinah, had sancti- fied Jerusalem and the Temple). In the Gospels this ' glory ' is referred to in Lk 2** ' the glory of the Lord (5dfa Kvpiov) shone round about them.' There is also an obvious allusion to the Shekinah in the description of the theophanic cloud of the transfiguration-narrative (Mt 17^ 'a bright cloud overshadowed them, and behold a voice out of the cloud, saying,' etc. ; cf. Mk 9^ Lk 9^^-). Here the same verlb {iiricrKid^u) is used as in the LXX of Ex 40*'' ^^ of the cloud which rested on the Taber- nacle when it was filled with the 'glory of the Lord,' which in the Targum (pseudo- Jonathan) becomes the ' glory of the Shekinah of the Lord.' The ' voice out of the cloud ' is also, doubtless, the voice of the Shekinah ; cf. 2 P 1" where, in refer- ence to the transfiguration, a ' voice ' uttered by 'the excellent glory' {i.e. the Shekinah-glory) is spoken of. * In He 9^ ' the cherubim of glory ' must be explained in the same way, as meaning the cherubim on which the Shekinah was en- throned.
In three NT passages (all having reference to Christ) t an allusion to the Shekinah is probable, though disputed, viz. (a) Ro &■* ' Christ was raised from the dead by means of (Jia) the glory of the Father.' Here ' glory ' prob. = the Shekinah-glory rather than ' glorious power ' (cf. the Midrash Rabbe to Gn 44**, in which the Shekinah is said to release the bound in Sheol) ; t
* Similarly in the Jerus. Targum to Gn 2813 the glory of J" says, ' I am" the God of Abraham ' (Marshall in Hastings' DB, loc. cit.).
t See Marshall, ib.
t A similar idea may be implied in the words ascribed to our Lord in Jn ll-"*, where, with reference to the release of Lazarus from the grave, Jesus says to Martha : ' Said I not unto thee, that, if thou believedst, thou shouldest see the glory of God 1 '