against him' (Lk 6''). He had to be constantly on His guard against their malignity. By the treachery of Judas they were able to surprise Him, unprotected by the multitude, in Gethsemane. Peter's denial was in some measure due to his being taken by surprise, even although Jesus had forewarned him. It is in the subjective reference of the term that we are specially interested in reading the Gospels — the surprise Jesus felt and the surprise He caused. So ditterent was Jesus in character, purpose, spirit, from His en^•ironment, that He could not always understand it, still less could it understand Him. During His earthly ministry the secrets of all hearts were not laid bare to Him, although He occasionally displayed an extraordinary insight into the thoughts and wishes of others ; nor was the veil of the future altogether withdrawn, even although He did, in regard to His OAvn death and resurrection, and the doom of the city which rejected Him, show an exceptional knowledge. But supernatural as in these respects His knowledge "was, it was not a Divine omniscience — for which surprise is impos- sible, as for it there is neither the inexplicable nor the unexpected. The subject of the limitation of Jesus' knowledge is more fully dealt with in the art. Kenosis. Jesus was surprised by the anxiety felt and the search made for Him by His parents, when He remained behind in the Temple. ' How is it that ye sought me?' (Lk 2^") ; He 'marvelled because of their unbelief ' in Nazareth (Mk 6*^) ; He was disappointed at the dulness of understanding of His disciples (Mt 15''^ 16**- "), and of His hearers in Jerusalem (Jn 8*), and at the unbelief of His generation (Mk 8^2)_ But, on the other hand, the faith of the centurion (Mt 8^**) and of the Syro- phcenician woman (Mt 15-^), brought Him glad surprise. The storm on the Sea of Galilee (Mt 8-^) was a surprise to Him even as to His disciples, although His faith was not disturbed as theirs was ; so also He knew not that He was sending His disciples into any danger when He dismissed them after the feeding of the five thousand (Mt 1422 ; see the discussion of these two incidents in Adamson's The Mind in Christ, pp. 5-10). He was disappointed in His desire for rest with His disciples (Mk 6^^-^*), and for secrecy (Mk 7^*--^). He expected to find fruit on the barren fig-tree (Mk 11^^). Although the growing estrangement of Judas was, from its beginnings, perceived by Him (Jn Q^* ; see Dods' comment iti loco in Ex- positor's Gr. Test. i. p. 759), yet when He called him He did not anticipate his treachery. His state in Gethsemane was one of amazement (Mk 14^3) ; there was an element in the doom He looked forward to that He could not understand, and had not looked for. His amazement is expressed in the cry of desolation on the Cross (Mt 27**). What He then experienced was worse than He had an- ticipated. As man's sin had ever been a surprise to Him, so was its worst consequence when it fell on Him.
Jesus Himself so transcended the world in which He lived, taught, and wrought, that He was con- stantly a surprise to men. This He Himself ex- pected (Jn 3'' 5'-o- 28 721). The marvel began with Joseph and Mary in the Temple at Simeon's prophecy, and at Jesus' own words (Lk 2^^-^'^). The multitudes marvelled at His teaching, His healing. His forgiveness of sins. His wisdom in answering the questions of His opponents, and His grace in preaching the gospel (Mk 122-27^ ^i 728. 29^ Mk 212 52"- *\ Mt 9^- 33 1223, Li^ 943 749^ Mt 2222, lj^ 2()26 422) jjis disciples were astonished at His command over the storm (Mk 6^^), His teaching regarding the rich (Mt 192^), and the curse on the fig-tree (Mt 212'^). His disregard of the current customs caused surprise (Lk 113*, jj, 427^^ ^s did the
SUSANNA
SWEAT
685
freedom from these He allowed to His disciples (Mk 218 7^). The world's surprise at Jesus is its tribute to His unique perfection ; His sxirprise at man's sin and unbelief the evidence of its need of the grace and truth of the Son of God. See, further, Amazement.
Literature. — A. J. Mason, Conditions of Our Lord's Life oil Earth, 135-138; T. Adamson, Studies of the Mind in Chnst, 5-12, 167 ; Gore, BL 147 f. ALFRED E. GARVIE.
SUSANNA CZovuavva fr. niB-iE-, fein. of [cJity, whicii denotes a lily or any lily-like ilower). — All that is known of her is that slie was one of the women wlio ministered to Jesus (Lk 8^). The mention of her name without further particulars implies that she was well known. This may have been due to her special devotion, in which case reference to her on other occasions would have been expected, or to her social rank, which view may derive support from the succession of her name to that of Joanna (wh. see). R. W. Moss.
SWADDLING CLOTHES.— The custom of wrap- ping the newborn infant in bands of cloth {<nrapy- av6w) has long pi'evailed, and still exists in the East. This treatmeirt was supposed to make for the strengthening and proper growth of the back and limbs, as well as being convenient for carrying the child. The infant Jesus was not neglected in this particular, though laid in the manger (Lk •I''- ^^) ; the absence of swaddling bands being regarded as a sign of extreme poverty or of neglect (cf. Ezk IQ*). E. B. Pollard.