And here our Lord stands before us as our Ideal. The Jesus of the Gospels presents to us a life which is tlie very embodiment of temperance, a life of jierfect self-restraint, of complete self- mastery ; a life free from excess on the one hand and defe(!t on the other, well-balanced, well-pro- portioned, without flaw, without spot, perfect in
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TEMPEST
TEMPLE
all its parts ; a life which had for its object the glory of God, from the time when He came into the world, saying, ' Lo, I come to do thy will, O my God' (He 10^), to the time when, having finished all. He exclaimed with tlie voice of a conqueror, ' I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do ' (Jn XT'*). To copy this perfect Ideal and to reach this goal we, by a life lived in union with Him and by the power of the Holy Ghost, must strive to be temperate in all things. See, further, art. Self-Control.
Rowland Ellis. TEMPEST.— See Sea of Galilee, p. 591.
TEMPLE.— i. Use OF terms.— i. The word which is most frequently used in the Gospels for the temple is to lepov (t^'jpsn n'3) ; it occurs nearly 50 times. Under this term is included, generally speaking, the whole of the temple area, i.e. the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of the Women, the Court of the Israelites, the Priests' Court, and the Holy Place, together with the Holy of Holies. In this wide sense it is used in Mt 12« 24i- ^, Mk 11" 131- 3 14*9, Lk 19« 2p7- 3» 2252 2453 . but in a number of passages it is used in a more restricted sense, viz. : in reference to the Court of the Gentiles, Mt 2112-16. 23^ jvik 1115-18. 27^ Lk 19^^ 2263, Jn 214- 15 514 859 .
in reference to the Court of the Women, Mk 12^1, Lk 227. 37 211 . in reference to the Court of the Israelites, Mt 2655, Mk 12^5, Lk 2*^ IS^* 20i, Jn 714.28 1156 ig2o_ The particular part of the temple referred to cannot always be ascertained with cer- tainty, especially in the case of the Men's Court (Court of the Israelites), but presumably the men- tion of 'teaching in the temple' would usually refer to Christ teaching the Jews (in view of such passages as ' I am not sent save unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel,' Mt 15^), in Avhich case the women, according to Jewish custom, would not be present. In a few instances lepov is used of some particular part of the temple, viz. of the actual sanctuary, Lk 215, jn g^" ; in this passage the treasury is spoken of loosely, as being in the temple (iepbv), strictly speaking it was in the Sanctuary (I'aos). The same applies to the men- tion of Solomon's Porch in Jn lO^^. In reference to the wing or pinnacle of the temple (Mt 45, Lk 4^) wTepiyiov tov lepov is used ; as to where this spot was precisely scholars differ. See Pinnacle. Once the phrase t6 lepbv rod deou is used (Mt 211^), but the addition of tov 6eov is not well attested.
2. The word i'aos * ('^p'n) denotes the Sanctuary, i.e. that part of the temple which was holy, and to which, therefore, none but the priests had access ; it included the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies (see Lk pi- ^). The va6s was built of white marble, overlaid in part with gold sheeting ; this costli- ness is referred to in Mt 23i^- ". Other references to the Sanctuary are : 23i^- 1^- 35_ -which speak of the altar ; 275- *, the treasury (but see below) ; Lk P, the altar of incense (here the phrase 6 i'aos TOV Kvpiov occurs for the only time) ; Mt 275^, the heavy veil between the Holy of Holies and the Holy Place (see also Mk 15*8, Lk 23^). Finally, Christ speaks of His body as symbolizing the Sanctuary in Jn 2^^-^\ cf. Mt 26"! (where the only occurrence of the phrase 6 i'a6s tov deov is found) 27*, Mk 1458 1529 In jn 2^" 6 va6s is inaccurately used in the words ' Forty and six years was this temple in building' {i.e. has this temple been in building up till now), for it was the whole temple area with all included in it that had so far been
* It was that part in which God ' dwelt ' (vaiu), and corre- sponded to what was originally also the most sacred part, i.e. heth-'El (cf. the Hebrew name for the temple as a whole, n'3 ' house '), the ' house of God ' ; the early conception of a temple was that of being essentially a ' dwelling-place ' for God (cf. 2 S 75-7).
worked at for forty-six years ; it was not finished until shortly before its final destruction by Titus in A.D. 70-71.
3. A tew other expressions used for the temple may be briefly referred to : 6 oTk6s /j.ov,* Mt 2V^, Mk 11", Lk 19^", Jn 2" ; oIkos npoaevxvs, Mt 21 1^, Mk 11", Lk 19^8 ; 6 oIktos tov iraTpos /jlov, Jn 21". All these expressions are used in the larger sense of t6 lepov. The ' Holy Place ' is specifically referred to in Mt 23^5 ' between the sanctuary (vads) and the altar,' i.e. the space between the outer veil (see below) and the altar for burnt-ofl'erings ; in 24i5 fcros ^v T6iru) ayiq), but in the parallel passage (Mk 131^) the reading is eaT-qKbra Sirov ov Sei.-f Lastly, the expression 6 oIkos vfj.uv, Mt 23"^^ (' Your house is left unto you desolate '),t apparently also refers to the temple, for it is in the temple that these words were spoken, and it is to the temple that the dis- ciples point when admiring the beauty of the building, in reply to which Christ says : ' There shall not be left here one stone upon another, which shall not be thrown down ' ; thus ' your house' evidently means the temple building in its external form, in contradistinction to the ' house of God,' the spiritual building not made with hands.