THADD.ffi;US occurs only ]Mk 3^8 and Mt lO^ ; in the latter place in the AV in the form : ' Lebbteus, whose surname was Thaddanis.' On the textual questions, see artt. Judas (vol. i. p. 906), Lebr^us (above, p. 22), and ' Thaddajus ' (DB iv. 741). In the Western Church neither ' Lebbteus ' nor ' Thaddreus' became common, their place being taken by 'Judas,' occurring in Lk.'s Gospel and Acts as Judas Jncobi, and found in Mt. as Judas Zelotes in the oldest Latin witnesses, and as Judas .ion of James in Syr- Sin ; his day falling with tliat of Simon on the 28th October. * But even under the name of Jude
* In the Calendar of Cordova for 961 the entry runs : ' festum Simonis Cananei et Tadei apostolorum ' ; see M. Fdrotin, Le liber ordinwn en usage dans l'4glise Wisigothiqiie et Mozarabe d'Espagne, Paris, 1904 ( = Monumenta ecclesice liturgica, ed. Cabrol-Leclerq, vol. v.).
this Apostle never became very popular. The Calendar of the English Church, Illustrated (Ox- ford and London, 1851), knows onlj' of tioo old churches in England dedicated in the joint names of Simon and Jude, and of several instances in modern churches of their names being honoured separately, as in Liverpool, Manchester, Bethnal Green, West Derby ; ' but this is quite against the mediaeval custom.' Neither Avas 'Thaddaeus' fre- quent as a proper name ; cf . , however, for instance, the Italian painter Taddeo Gaddi. In the Greek Church the 19th June is kept as /j-vv/xtj toD ayiov Kal evoS^ou cLTToaTdXov 'lo68a, who by Luke, in the Gospel and Acts, is called 'Iot;5as ; by Matthew and INIark, 0a55a?os Kal Aep^aio^, d5e\<f>bs Kara crdpKa xpVI^'^'''^^'^'' Tov Kvpiov 7)1x011/ 'l7)cxov X.piaTov (1)5 vibs 'Iwarjcp toO fivrjO'TOpoi, dde\(pbs 5^ yvqcnoi 'laKio^ov tov ade\(po6^ov, 6 Kal T7)v (pwTL(TTLKr)v Kal doyfxdTwv ^fxirXeov rod Xlcei/- /xttTos dvdpdiiroL^ airamv iirLaTeiXa's ^TrttrroXijc. It is then told that he was sent by Christ Himself tlij dSeXcpbs Kal /uLvcrraywybs to Mesopotamia, came to Edessa, healed Abgar, and was shot with arrows by the infidels in the town Ararat On 30th June, the day of all Apostles, he is numbered 12th ; the l^lace where he died in one MS being called iv 'Apdru) rfi ttoXsi. On the 21st August the Greek Church celebrates fxvqiJ.ri rod dylov dwoa-roKov QadSaiov TOV Kal Ae/3/3ai'ou eubs tQ>v ejSdo/j.rjKOi'Ta. He is said to have been from Edessa, a Hebrew by birth, who came to Jerusalem in the days of John the Baptist, was baptized, and afterwards followed Jesus till His Passion. Then he returned to his home, healed Abgar of the ' black ' leprosy, came to Syria, and died in BrjpvTos ; cf. the Acta Aposto- lorum Apocr., ed. Tischendorf.
On the identity of Lebbseus-Tha^ddoeus-Judas Jacobi with the author of the Epistle and the brother cf Jesus, see Mayor, ' Brethren of the Lord ' {DB i. 320) ; Dom J. Chapman {JThSt vii. 412-433) ; Th. Zahn, Forschungcn, vi. [1900] 225-363. For evidence that the Epistle of Jude is quoted occa- sionally under the name of Thaddseus, see ZNTW iii. [1902] 251. In the Syrian Churches, Jude is identified with Thomas, and sometimes regarded as twin brother of Jesus ; see J. R Harris, Diosc^cri in the Christian Legends, and The Cult of the Heavenly Twins (1906), p. 105. In the Onomastica sacra the name ' Thaddjeus ' is explained by aiveTbs (ed. Lagarde, 202. 83). The same etymology is followed in the Talmud, Sanh. 43a, where the last of the five disciples of Jesus is called Thoda, and Ps 100^ 50^ are applied to him.
On monuments of Christian art the name does not seem to occur frequently (see Mrs. Arthur Bell, The Saints in Christian Art (1901), vol. i. ch. viii. ' The Twelve Apostles ' ; ch, xvi. ' St. Simon, St. Jude, and St. Matthias'). In the mosaic of S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Thaddseus is the last of the Apostles ; on its bronze doors, cast at Constan- tinople in 1070, he is left out altogether along with James the Less and Matthias. The Romanic frontale aureuni of the altar of the church at Comburg (Wiirtemberg), representing the Salvator Mundi in the midst of the Twelve Apostles, gives him under the name S. Tatheus. When the Creed is apportioned among the TAvelve, 'Thaddneus dixit : rarnis resurrcctionem.'' In the Hexameters ascribed to Bernard of Clairvaux, ' Restituit carnem Judas ' ; with Firminius : ' Judas Jacobi dixit : sanctorum commxinionem, remissionem, peccat- orum' (Hahn, Bibliothek der Symhole^, pp. 52-54, 97, 104).
In the Const. Aposf. the ordinances about Avidows are ascribed to Thaddseus (viii. 25).
Very complicated is the guestion about the relation of the Apostle Thaddaius to HaSSaiof, who is said by Eusebiug to have been one of the Seventy, and to have been sent after the Ascen- sion, by Thomas, to Edessa to heal King Abgar. Jerome, on
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Mt 10^, tells the same about the Apostle Thaddaeus, while in the Syrian legend the messenger to Edessa is called Addai (on the form Haddai in one of the MSS of the Syriac Version of the HE of Eusebius, see DB, s.v. 'Thaddaeus'). Zahn thinks that Eusebius is guilty of the confusion of Addai with Thaddaios. On the Syriac Doctrine of Addai, see Lagarde, Reliquice juris eccles. antiqu. syr. p. 32 = Gr. p. 89; Cureton, Ancient Syriac Documents; G. Phillips, The Doctrine of AddaHl876).