2. Kop^avas (fr. Kop^dv • see COEBAN) occurs in NT only in Mt 27", Avhere it denotes the sacred treasury of the Temple. -Into this treasury the chief priests AA'ould not put Judas' thirty pieces of sih^er, 'because it is the price of blood.' In Joseplius (BJ II. ix. 4) the Avord is used not of the Temple treasury, but of the treasures it contained. Herod is said to have created a disturbance in Jerusalem by expending upon aqueducts 'that sacred treasure Avliich is called corbanas ' (tov iepbv drjaayipjv, KaXeTrai S) K0pj3avds).
TREE
TRIAL OF JESUS
749
It may be added that, although in EV dy)<Tavp6s is invariably rendered ' treasure,' it is occasionally used in a sense that corresponds to ' treasury ' or the place where treasure is Kept. In Mt 12^ || Lk 6^^ it denotes the treasury of the heart ; in Mt 13^^ that of the well-provided householder, to whom Jesus likens the ' scribe who hath been made a disciple to the kingdom of heaven.'
Literature. — The Lexx. and Comm. ; Lightfoot, Hor. Heb. p. 536 ff. ; Buxtorf , Lex. Talm. p. 2506 ; Keitn, Jesus of Nazara, V. 192 ff.; Edersheim, LT ii. 164 f., 387 ; Schiirer, HJP i. ii. 260 fl.
J. C. Lambert.
TREE {^v\ov, Lat. lignum, arbor). — A poetic name for the Cross (Ac o^o lO^" 13-9, 1 P 2^* ; cf. Gal 3'\; nowhere in Gospels). The name no doubt ori- ginated in the practice (cf. Jos 10^^) of employing a tree in case of haste for the purpose of crucilixion * (cf. gallows-tree), but in mediaeval times it was ex- plained by a quaint legend. As he hiy a dying, it was said, Adam sent his .son Seth to the angel that guarded Paradise, to crave a bough from the tree of life. The angel gave it, and Seth carried it to his father, but found him dead. He planted the bough upon his grave. In course of time, when Solomon was building the Temple, the tree was cut down, but it refused to be fitted into any part of the Temple, and was placed over a stream to serve as a bridge. By and by the queen of Sheba came with her gifts and offerings. Seeing the tree she would not walk over it, since she recognized tliat the Redeemer of the world would suffer on it. Long afterwards the Jews took it and cast it into a stagnant pool, which derived a miraculous virtue from its presence : an angel descended from time to time and troubled the Avater, and the first that stepped in after the troubling was healed (cf. [Jn] S'*). There it remained until the time of our Lord's Passion, when it was taken out of the pool and fashioned into the Cross on which He suffered, f
Much devout fancy was inspired by the term. It suggested a reference to the Ci'oss in Ca 2*- ^, which runs thus in the Vulgate : ' Sicut mains inter ligna silvarum, sic dilectus mens inter filios. Sub umbra illius, quern desideraveram, sedi : et fructus ejus dulcis gutturi meo. Fulcite me flori- bus, stipate me malis : quia amore langueo.' The hymn-writers extolled the ' arbor salutifera ' which bore such sweet and precious fruit. One says : %
'Fertilitate potens, O dulce et nobile lignum, Quando tuis ramis tarn nova poma g^ris.'
And in his exquisite Laudismus de S. Crtice St.
Bona Ventura says : §
' Crux est arbor decorata, Christi sanguine sacrata,
Cunctis plena fructibus ; Quibus animse eruuntur, Cum supernis nutriuntur
Cibis m coelestibus.'
The Fathers loved to contrast the first tree whose fruit brought death into the world, and the second tree whose ' leaves are for the healing of the nations ' (Rev 22^). Cf. St. Jerome on Mk IS^^ « Hie tigitur salus in ligno, ligno primo infixa est mors. Lignum primum lignum scientia- boni et mali est. Et secundum lignum boni tantum nobis et vitie lignum est.' In Evangel. Nicodem. xxiii., after the ' harrying of hell ' Hades says to Satan : 'All that tliou gainedst by the tree of knowledge (Sid tov ^vXov TTjs yvdxrews), by the tree of the Cross (5id tov ^iiXov rod ffravpov) thou hast lost.' See also art.
Cross.
LiTERATPRE— Reference may be made to ' The Legend of the Cross' in Baring-Gould's Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, and to Farrar's Christ in Art, p. 276. 1)AVID SMITH.
* Lips, de Cruc. ii. v. Though ?iXo» is rarely applied to live wood in classical Greek (see Liddell and Scott, s.v.), it is fre- quently so used in later and Biblical Greek; cf. Jg 9**-i5, Ps 96(95)12 104 (103)1S, Lk 2331, Rev ■2^ 222.
t Daniel, Thes. Hi/innol. t. c. n.
t lb. I. cxli. § //;. II. nxxii.
TRIAL OF JESUS.— The narratives of what may be termed, for the sake of convenience, the two- fold trial of Jesus yield a record of the proceed- ings which is fairly intelligible and substantiallj- authentic, but which is bound up with a triple set of jnoblems. Some of these are topographical or archaeological ; some are legal, connected with the jurisprudence of the trial ; while others are historical, arising from the literary criticism of tlie Evangelic traditions. The fragmentariness of these traditions * and the lack of any outside testi- mony occasionally prevent criticism from throwing a steady ray of light upon the exact course of affairs, and this is particularly the case with regard to the first two classes of the trial-problems.