Three further points in the Johannine narrative demand a final word of notice. («) Are the famous words Ecee homo (195, cf. vol. i. 507) meant to represent Pilate, like Caiaphas (1149-52), as an involuntary prophet? This would be likely if i a.v6pu^o; were taken (with Nestle, Einfiihrung in das Griech. NT, 237 f.) in the sense of the Son of Man (cf. 151 314)^ an interpretation favoured by Grill (Untersuchungen iiber die Entstehung des vierten Evangeliums, pp. 49-50). We should then have a play upon words which literally meant, ' Behold the fellow ! ' or, ' Look at this poor wretch ! '
(6) To whom does Jesus refer in the words (1911), ' He that delivered me to thee has the greater sin '? To Satan, to Judas, or to Caiaphas? Most probably it is the high priest who is in the author's mind. The previous words of the verse (cf. Coleridge's Table Talk, May 20, 1830) emphasize one cardinal idea of the Gospel, viz. that the fate of Jesus was due to the Divine will alone ; the latter part of the verse reiterates the other concep- tion of the Jews as more culpable than the Roman authorities (cf. A. R. Eagar in Expositor, July 1905, p. 33 f.).
(c) Is ixxBiinv (1913) intransitive or transitive? Did Pilate seat himself or Jesus on the tribunal ? The latter rendering, supported by a tradition voiced in the Gospel of Peter and Justin Martyr (see vol. i. 678*), would give a good sense, Jesus being symbolically enthroned as the King of truth, and Pilate's irony really indicating the true position of his prisoner (so Loisy, after Professor Roberts, Expositor, 1893, 296 f., and others) ; but unfortunately the grammatical and psychological probabilities tell seriously against it.t
Literature. — Besides the references already cited, the litera- ture under Caiaphas, Jddas, Peter, and Pilate, and the relevant sections in the various editions of the Gospels and the biographies of Jesus (notably those by Strauss, B. Weiss, Neander, Farrar, Beyschlag, Keim, A. R6ville, Edersheim, O. Holtzmann), there are special studies of the subject by Brandt, Die evangel. Gesch. und der Ursprung des Christenthums, 1893, pp. 53-68, who gives the most searching and sceptical view of the details, and, on conservative lines, by S. J. Andrews, The Life of our Lord (1892), pp. 505-544 ; Ewald, History of Israel, vi. 429-437 ; F. L. Steinmeyer, The History of the Passion and Resurrection of our Lord, in the light of Modern Criticism (Edinburgh) ; Prof. Stalker, The Trial and Death of Jesus Christ (London, 1894) ; Dr. John Watson, The Life of the Master (pp. 363-382) ; and Auguste Wabnitz, Hist, de la Vie de Jisus—La Passion, la Mort, et la Resurrection de Jisus (Montauban, 1904), pp. 175-273 ; see also H. B. Workman, Persecution in the Early Church (1906), pp. 10-20; and, from a different standpoint, the tenth chapter of E. Clodd's Jesus of Nazareth. On the legal aspects the standard monograph in English is Mr. Taylor Innes's The Trial of Jesus Christ : A Legal Monograph (1899), a
* As usual in the Fourth Gospel (cf. 1234), jesus is made to utter a deep, enigmatic saying which is misunderstood by the literal mind of His opponent. See, further, Matheson's Land- marks of NT Morality, p. 244 f.
tCf. Abbott's Johannine Grammar, 2537, and Zahn's Ein- leittmg in das NT (§ 69, note 12).
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dignified and subtle study, to which the relevant pages of Signer G. Rosadi's The Trial of Jesus (Eng. tr. of 3rd Italian ed. 1905) add little or nothing ; see, further, Dalman in Sunday School Times (May 6th, 1899) ; H. M. Cheever, ' The legal aspects of the trial of Jesus,' BiOl. Sacra (1903), 495-509 ; and the popular descriptions in two works by S. Buss, viz. Roman Law and History in the JV2'(1901), pp. 174-239, and The Trial of Jems : Illustrated from Talmud and Roman Law{\9(i&). In addition to these studies, the preacher will find excellent material in \V. F. Besser, Leidengeschichte (1855) ; H. Miiller, Der leidende Jesus (Halle, 1856) ; A. Nebe, Die Leidengeseh. Jesu (Stuttgart, 1881) ; Siiskind, Dispositionen zur heil. Passion (Berlin, 1887) ; M. J. OUivier, La Passion (Paris, 1902); H. Werner, Christi Leidensgesch. das Meisterwerk des guttliches Vorsehung (1902) ; J. L. Meagher, The Tragedy of Calvary, or The Minute Details of Christ's Life from Palm-Sunday morning till the Resurrection and Ascension (New York, 1905) ; together with A. M. Fair- bairn's Stxidies in the Life of Christ (ch. xvi.); W. R. NicoU's The Incarnate Saviour (ch. xviii.); Parker's The Inner Life of Christ, iii. 232 f. ; Joseph Hall's invaluable Contemplations (vol. iii. ch. xxx.-xxxi.); \V. M. Clow's volume, In the Day of the Cross (1899) ; Dr. William Hanna's The Passion Week ; Gerhard's Erkldrung der Historie des Leidens und Sterbens unsercs Ilerrn Jesu Christi (Berlin); and Hengstenberg's devout volume of Vorlesungen iiber die Leidengeschichte (Leipzig, 1875). There are notable sermons on Mk 1515-20 ('Crowned Suffering') by H. W. Beecher, on Mt 27121^- 20 23 by Prof. G. A. Smith (The Forgiveness ofSiris, 1904), on Mt 2722 (' What will you do with Christ?') by H. W. Beecher, on Jn 1831-38 ('The Postponement of Pilate ') by S. A. Brooke (Ser7no7is, second series, p. 294 f.), and F. W. Robertson (Sermons, first series, xix.-xx.), on Jn 1836 by Mozley (University Sermons, No. 1), and on Jn 1910- n by Liddon (University Sermons, second series, p. 236 f.). Compare also Steele's paper in the Spectator (No. 356) for April 18, 1712, Mr. Wratislaw on 'The Scapegoat — Barabbas ' (jb'.-rpT' iii. [1892] 400-403), and, on Jn 1837-38, Phillips Brooks' The In- fluenee of Jesus (ch. iv.) ; with R. J. Campbell (City Temple Sermons, p. 50 f.) on Jn 195. JAMES MOFFATT.