costliest and best he has to give, and so makes a fresh and higher departure in the Christian life, a departure that is deliberate and definite, and thus may properly be described as a turning. In ways like these there may be several conversions or spiritual turning-points in a Christian's history — zigzags, so to speak, on the steep ascending path upon which he made his definite entrance when he first turned to Christ, with full consciousness, as the Lord and Master of his life.
Literature. — The Lexx. of Cremer and Grimm-Thayer, s.vv. a-rpiifu, Witrrp-tpa ; Hastings' DB, art. ' Conversion ' ; Field, Notes on the Translation of NT (1899), 246 ; ExpT vii. [189G] 396, xi. [1899-1900] 4, 244, 289, xv. [1904] 337. On the doctrine of conver- sion see Augustine's Confessions ; Bunyan's Grace Abounding ; Oharnock, Works (Nichol's ed.), iii. 88 ; Laidlaw, Bib. Doct. of Man, 263 ; W. N. Clarke, Outline of Chr. Theol. 401 ; Stevens, Chr. Doct. of Salvation, 483; Stearns, Evid. of Chr. Experience, 126 ; Drummond, Nat. Law in the Spir. World ; 'The Psj'ch. of Conv.' in Ch. Quart. Rev. Ivi. (1903) 17 ; A. R. Whately, 'Conv. and Mod. Thought' in Churchman, xx. (1906) 413 ; A. J. Mason, The Ministry of Conversion (1902) ; W. Adams Brown, Chr. Theology in Outline (1907), 408; and more fully, for the psychology of the subject, J. B. Pratt, Psych, of Rel. Belief (1907), with the literature on p. 312 f.
J. C. Lambert. TURTLEDOYE.— See Animals in vol. i. p. 65''.
TWELVE.
Seventy.
See artt. Apostles, Disciple,
TYRE (for many common features, see SiDON). — The most noted district and city of Phoenicia, the city being 40 miles N.W. of Capernaum in Galilee. Its name is simply the ' Rock,' from two rocks in the sea — a larger and a smaller — a mile distant from the shore, lying parallel therewith, about 3000 feet in length, and containing some 150 acres. This ' Rock,' as a breakwater, early invited mariners, and ultimately furnished the elements of two harbours, — the Sidonian, north ; and to the south the Egyptian, now long filled with sand. It served also as a fortress, as Avell as a treasure-house for the merchandise that there was stored for trans- shipment between East and West. Old Tyre was the residential portion, extending at times for 5 miles along the shore.
As early as the monuments of Egypt and the Amarna tablets, Tyre is mentioned with Sidon as a locality of note. Its daring sailors had mastered the art of sailing the open sea by the stars, thus outdoing rivals who as yet had to steer by sight of land, and anchor at night. In the height of their power Tyrian merchantmen frequented every Mediterranean port, sailing the Atlantic to the tin mines of Britain, and even perhaps circumnavigat- ing Africa.
In the middle of the 7th cent. B.C. Ashurbani- pal laid siege to Tyre and practically destroyed the land city. Alexander the Great besieged Tyre for seven months, at the end of which he completely subdued it. Under the Romans it was in a state of decay, morally as well as otherwise. To-day it clings to the rock, a community of some 4000, a stagnant Arab village of fisher-folk.
As the conflict between the authorities and Jesus waxed to the murder-point, the masses of the people flocked to Him all the more. St. Mark (3^) paints the mixed throng on the banks of Gennesaret as coming from all points of the compass, including a curious Gentile multitude from 'about Tyre and Sidon.' St. Luke's specification (6'^) is not so ex- tensive, but, true to his breadth of interest, portrays ' a great multitude of the people from . . . the sea- coast of Tyre and Sidon,' while St. Matthew (4-^) is oblivious to such. Compared with the disbelief of Jesus' hearers and kin in Galilee, Tyre should stand immeasurably above those of greater light and opportunities, but of less susceptibility and response to the same (Mt IP"-). Guilt and con- demnation are relative. When Jesus had had to
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UBIQUITY
UNBELIEF
775
break witli tlie carnally-niinded populace that de- sired only an insurrectionary leader and temporal king. He retired for intensive instruction of the
Twelve to the parts of Tyre (15'-i ||) ; and there it i WoMAX
was that thei'e was found and shown to them a rudimentary, but for all that a potent, faitli in an apparently pagan heart. See Syrophcenician
Wilbur Fletcher Steele.
U
UBIQUITY.— See Omnipresence.
UNBELIEF.— The withholding of belief, in- credulity. In respect to Divine things the term implies absence of faith, credence refused to reli- gious tenets. Infidelity, in its sense of want of faith or belief, is a synonym ; not, liowever, scepti- cism, for the latter word is more properly used of the indecision of the reflective mind. Nor is dis- belief an exact equivalent : unbelief suggests rather the failure to admit ; disbelief implies deliberate and jjositive rejection. The unbeliever is ojien to conviction ; the one who disbelieves is convinced (at all events for the time being) of the inadequacy of proofs submitted, of the improbability or impossi- bility of that which is proposed for acceptance. In the one case the explanation may jjoint to want of knowledge ; in the other the exercise of the reason- ing faculty presupposes acquaintance, if imperfect, with the questions at issue.