It is also in the wilderness that the Gospel narratives place the scene of the Temptation of our Lord (Mt 4^, Mk V-, Lk 4^). Since the time of the Crusades, ecclesiastical tradition has contrived to localize that event in a particular, well-defined spot, and has chosen for it the wild and desolate mountain which arises almost A'ertically above the Fountain of Elisha, west from the oasis of Jericho. A Greek convent, continuation of a very old laura, which was, if not founded, at least developed hj Elpidius (ZDPV iii. p. 13), is suspended on the side of that mountain, which has received the name of Mount of the Quarantania (Jebel Karantul), on account of Jesus fasting 40 days. It is, of course, equally impossible to prove or to disprove that this place is the one mentioned in the narratives of the Temptation.
Galilee, and particularly the shores of the Lake of Gennesaret, was at the time of our Lord rela- tively \yell peopled : this is proved by the Gospels, and still more explicitly by the testimony of Josephus. There were, however, spaces of land without human habitations, and probably left to the shepherds and their cattle. According to the narratives of the Gospels, several scenes of the Galila?an ministry of Jesus, and some of His teach- ings, were connected with places of that sort, designated now as ' a desert ' or ' a wilderness ' [ip-qfxos or epyj/xia), now as 'a desert place' {^prjfioi t6tos). We have to mention here (a) the multi- plication of loaves (Mt W^-'\ Mk 6»"-^S Lk g^"'", Mt 1532-38, Mk 81-w); ib) Jesus withdrawing for prayer (Mk ps, Lk 5^"), or to avoid the croAvd (Mk 145, Lk 442, Jn U^^) ; (c) the demoniac of Gadara (Lk 8-") ; (d) the parable of the Lost Sheep (Lk 15^"''), where the 99 sheep remain ' in the wilderness,' whereas the shepherd goes after that which is lost until he finds it.
UTERATURE.—PEFSt, 1871, pp. 3-80; E. H. Palmer, The Desert of the Exodus, 2 vols., 1871 ; Furrer, art. ' Wuste ' in Schenkel, Bib. Lex. v. pp. 680-685 ; G. A. Smith, UGUL, pp. 312-317 ; Buhl, GAP, pp. 96-99 ; Lagrange in RB, 1896, pp. 618- 643, 1897, pp. 107-130, 605-625, 1900, p]). 63-86 ; B. Baentsch, Die waste, ihre Namen tind ihre bildliche Amrendviiq in den Alttest. Schriften, 1883 ; Pierre Loti, Le Desert^, 1895 [descrip- tive], and other [more scientific] books of travels in the Sinai- Peninsula ; BonhofF, ' Die Wanderung Israels in der Wiiste ' in SK, 1907, pp. 159-217. LUCIEN GAUTIER.
WILL.— ' Every man,' says Thomas Reid ( Works, 1863 ed., p. 530), 'is conscious of a power to deter- mine, in things which he conceives to depend upon his determination. To this power we give the name of Will ; and, as it is usual, in the operations of the mind, to give the same name to the power and to the act of that power, the term " Will " is often put to signify the act of determining, which more properly is called volition.' On tlie (juestion
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WINTER
of the freedom of the will see Free Will and Liberty ; and on the human will of Jesus see Soul, 668''. Our Lord Jesus Christ has given us a perfect example of how our great possession of freedom should be used, has shown us by His own perfect subordination of His will to the will of His Father, that the goal at which we should aim is to have our wills in perfect accord with the will of God, whether it be His will as to our enduring or His will as to our doing. ' O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me ; nevertheless not as I Avill, but as thou wilt' Mt (26=*-') ; ' I came down from lieaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me ' (Jn 6^^). It is our part to seek to have the mind of Christ, and to obey where God would have us to obey, and endure where He would have us to endure.
' Our wills are ours to make them thine.'
Literature. — NT Commentaries ; Hastings' DB ; the works of Thomas Reid ; R. A. Thompson, Christian Theism ; Hill, Lectures in Divinity ; A. M. Fairbairn, The Philosophy of the Christian Religion ; Ritschl, Justification and Reconciliation ; and Philosophical and Theological works in general.
George C. Watt. WIND {dve/xos ; irveufjia only in Jn 3^). — ' The four winds' (Mt 24^^ Mk 13^^) is an expression standing for ' north, south, east, and west,' the winds in Palestine coming mainly from these directions. These winds retain their character, varied only in degree, throughout the year. The north wind is cold ; the west, from the sea, moist ; the south, warm ; and the east, from the desert, dry. This last is very pleasant in the winter months ; but in spring and autumn, when it is prevalent, it is exceedingly ojipressive, a few hours often causing every living thing to droop. The popular belief that the most violent winds are from the east is not confirmed by the writer's experience of over five years in Galilee. The most memorable storm in that period was from the west. See, further, Sea of Galilee, p. 591. W. Ewing.