It was in ' a ship of Adramyttium ' — larger than a mere coasting vessel — probably making for her own port, that St. Paul and St. Luke sailed from Ciesarea by Sidon and under the lee (to the east) of Cyprus to Myra in Lycia, where they joined a corn-sliip of Alexandria bound for Italy (Ac 27^"''). The modern town of Edremid, which inherits the name and much of the prosperity of Adramyttium, is 5 miles from the coast.
Literature.— Conybeare-Howson, St. Paul, 1877, ii. 381 f. ; J. Smith, Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul*, 1880, p. 62 fT. ; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, 1895, p. 316. JaMES StRAHAN.
ADRIA (6 'ASpla^ [WH 'Adplas], ' the Adrias,' RV ' the [sea of] Adria'). — The name was derived from the important Tuscan town of Atria, near the mouths of the Padus, and was originally (Herod, vi. 127, vii. 20, ix. 92) confined to the northern part of the gulf now called the Adriatic, the lower part of which was known as the ' Ionian Sea.' In later times the name ' Adria ' was applied to the whole basin between Italy and Illyria, while the ' Ionian Sea ' came to mean the outer basin, south of the Strait of Otranto. Strabo, in the beginning of our era, says : ' The mouth (strait) is common to both ; but this difi'erence is to be observed, that the name " Ionian" is applied to the first part of the gulf only, and " Adriatic " to the interior sea up to the farthest end' (VII. v. 9). Strabo, how- ever, indicates a wider extension of the meaning by adding that ' the name " Adrias " is now applied to the whole sea,' so that, as he says elsewhere, ' the Ionian Gulf forms part of what we now call "Adrias"' (II. v. 20). Finally, in popular usage, which is followed by St. Luke (Ac 27^), the term 'Adria 'was still further extended to signify the whole expanse between Crete and Sicily.
This is confirmed by Ptolemy, who wrote about the middle of the 2nd cent. a.d. 'With the accuracy of a geographer, he distinguishes the Gulf of Adria from the Sea of Adria ; thus, in enumerating the boundaries of Italy, he tells us that it is
44
ADULTERY
JE(JN
bounded on one side bj' the shores of the Gulf of Adria, and on the south by the shores of the Adria (iii. 1) ; and that Sicily is bounded on the east by the Sea of Adria (4). He further informs us that Italy is bounded on the south by the Adriatic Sea (14), that the Peloponnesus is bounded on the west and south by the Adriatic Sea (16), and that Crete is bounded on the west bv the Adriatic Sea (17)' (Smith, Voyage and Shipwreck oj St. Paul*, 163 f.).
The usage current in the tirst and second centuries is similarly reflected by Pausanias, -who speaks of Alpheus flowing under Adria from Greece to Ortygia in Syracuse (viii. 54. 2), and of the Straits of .Messina as communicating with the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian Sea (v. 25. 3). Pro- copius (Bel. Vand. i. 14) makes the islands of Gaulos and Melita (Gozo and Malta) tlie boundary between the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The meaning of the term 'Adria' was the debat- able point of the once famous controversy as to whether St. Paul suffered shipwreck on the Illyrian or the Sicilian Melita, i.e. on Meleda or Malta (see Melita). His ship was ' driven through Adria' (5ia(pepo/j.^i'wi' ij/j.wi' iv ti} 'ASpLg., Ac 27^); perhaps not ' driven to and fro in the sea of Adria ' (RV) (unless St. Luke made a landsman's mistake), but slowly carried forward in one direction, for probably ' she had storm sails set, and was on the starboard tack, which was the only course by which she could avoid falling into the Syrtis ' (Smith, op. cit. 114). An interesting parallel to St. Paul's experience is found in the life of Josephus, who relates that his ship foundered in the midst of the vSame sea (/card fxecrov rbv 'Adpiau), and that he and some companions, saving themselves by swimming, were picked up by a vessel sailing from Gyrene to Puteoli ( Vit. 3).
Literature. — J. Smith, The Voyage and Shipioreck of St. Paul-i, 1880, p. 16-2 ff. ; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, 1895, p. 334.
James Strahan. ADULTERY.— See Marriage.
ADVENT.— See Parousia.
ADVERSARY.— This renders three Greek words in the NT : 1. avrCSiKos, propei'ly an adversary in a lawsuit, and used of an earthly adversary in Mt 5^, Lk 125S 183— all these witii a legal reference. It is used of an enemy of God in 1 S 2'" (LXX), and in 1 P 5^ of ' the enemy,' Satan ; in this last l>assage 8idi3o\os is anarthrous, as a proper name, while avridiKos has the article (see Devil and Satan).
2. avTiKciftevos, used in Lk 13" of our Lord's Jewish opponents, and in 21'^ of all adversaries of the disciples, is employed by St. Paul to denote those who oppose the Christian religion, probably in all cases with the suggestion that the devil is working througii them. Such are the ' adversaries ' ..f 1 Co 16", Ph r^8 ; in 1 Ti 5" Chrysostom takes tlie ' adversary ' to be Satan, the ' reviler ' (cf. v.i^), or he may be the human enemy as prompted by Satan. In 2 Th 2-» ' he that opjioseth ' (6 avTiKtlfxevos) is Anticlirist (q.v.), whose parousia is according to tlie working of Satan (v.") ; and it is interesting to note tliat the letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons (Eiiseb. HE V. i. 5) uses this expression .ibsolutely of Satan, or of Antichrist, working ihrougli the persecutors, and ' giving us a foretaste uf his unbridled activity at his future coming.'