LiTERATUEE. — The Comm. on Hebrews, esp. A. B. David- son's ; Expotitor, 3rd ser. x. 45 fl. J. C L AMBEET.
ANDRONICUS (AvSpoviKo^, a Greek name).— Saluted by St. Paul in Ro 16^ his name being coupled with that of Junias or Junia.* (1) The pair are described as ' my kinsmen ' (toi)s (r\r/yeveis ,aov), by which may be meant fellow-Jews (Ro 9'), possibly members of the same tribe, almost cer- tainly not relatives. This last interpretation has given rise to one of the difficulties felt in deciding the destination of these salutations. Another 'kinsman' saluted is Herodion (v.^^), and saluta- tions are sent from three 'kinsmen' in v.^i. The only relative of St. Paul known to us is a nephew (Ac 2316).
(2) Andronicus and Junia(s) are also described as ' my fellow-prisoners ' (ffvvaLx/J.a\drrovs fJ.ov, lit. ' prisoners of war '). The meaning may be that they had actually shared imprisonment with St. Paul (the only imprisonment up to this time known to us was the short confinement at PhUippi [Ac 16^, but see 2 Co ll^s]). Possibly they may not have suffered imprisonment with the Apostle at the same time and place ; but, as enduring persecu- tion for Christ's sake, they were in that sense ' fellow-prisoners.' The only other mention of ' fellow-prisoner ' is in a description of Aristarchus (Col 4'") and Epaphras (Philem ^). The meaning in these cases is evidently literal, both sharing the
* It is impossible, as thus name occurs in the accus. case, to determine whether it is mascuUne or feminine. See art. Juxias.
Apostle's captivity at Rome, whether compulsorily or voluntarily.
(3) The pair are further described as ' of note among the apostles' {iivLa-qixoi iv tois dTrotrroXots). Two interpretations of this phrase are possible : (a) well-known and honoured by the apostles, (6) notable or distingiiished as apostles. The latter, although a remarkable expression (and all the more so if the second name is that of a woman), is probably to be preferred. This makes Andronicus and Junia(s) apostles in the wider sense of delegated missionaries (see Lightfoot, Gal.^, 1876, p. 92 fl'. and note on p. 96).
(4) Lastly, Andronicus and Junia(s) are said to have been ' in Christ before me ' (ol /cat vp6 i/xov yeyovav ev Xpi(rT<^), i.e. they had become Christians before the conversion of Saul. Seniority of faith was of importance in the Apostolic Church. It brought honour, and it may have also brought responsibility and obligation to serve on behalf of the community (cf. Clement, Ep. 42 ; and see 1 Co le^^*- ; also art. Ep^NETUS). Note the prominence given to JMnason (q.v.) as an 'early' or 'original' disciple in Ac 2V^.
The name Andronicus occurs in inscriptions be- longing to the Imperial household (see Sanday- Headlam, Romans^, 1902, p. 422).
T. B. Allworthy.
ANGELS.— 1. The scope of this article.— The passages in the apostolic wTitings in which angels are mentioned or referred to will be examined ; some of them are ambiguous and have been inter- preted in various ways. The doctrine of the OT and of the apocryphal period on the subject has been so fully dealt with in HDB that it is unnecessary to do more than refer incidentally to it here ; and the angelology of the Gospels has been treated at length in DCG (see Literature below). But the other NT writings have not been so fully examined, and it is the object of this article to consider them particularly. Of these the Apocalypse, as might be expected from the subject, calls for special attention ; no book of the OT or the NT is so full of references to the angels, and it is the more remark- able that the other Johannine writings have so few. The Fourth Gospel refers to angels only thrice (1" 1229 2012 ; 5'! is a gloss [see below, 5 (6)]), and the three Epistles not at all. There are frequent refer- ences to the subject in Hebrews, and occasional ones in the Pauline and Petrine Epistles and in Jude.
2. The liteFal meaning of S.yyi\o%.—S.Yf^\oi= ' messenger,' is found only once in the NT outside the Gospels : in Ja 2^, it is used of Joshua's spies (in Jos 6^* [LXX], which is referred to, we read Toi/s KaraffKoirevaavTas oOs d.ir^(XT€i\ev'lT]aovs). In the Gospels dyyeXos is used of John Baptist in Mt 1110, Mk 1", Lk 727 (from Mai 31 but not from LXX, which, however, also has dyyeXos), of John's mes- sengers in Lk 72'*, and of Jesus' messengers to a Samaritan village in Lk 9^2. In Ph 2^, 2 Co 8^3 dTrdcTToXos is translated 'messenger.'
3. The angels as heavenly beings. — From the earliest times the Israelites had been taught to believe in angels, but after the Captivity the doc- trine greatly developed. Yet some of the Jews rejected all belief in them, and this sharply divided the Pharisees from the Sadducees, who said ' that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit' ; the Pharisees confessed both (Ac 23"^).
Angels are creatures, as the Jews had always taught (Thackeray, Belation of St. Paul to Jewish Thought, p. 150). They were created in, through, and unto Christ (Col l^^), who is the beginning as well as the end of all things (cf. 1 Co 8^). They are not inferior deities, but fellow-servants [cvvoovKoi) with man (Rev 191" 22^). Therefore they may not be worshipped [ib.) j the worship of angels was