P.218L James Steahan.
ANTIPAS.— See Hkrod.
ANTIPAS (shorter form of Antipater [Jos. Ant. XIV. i. 3 : ' this Antipatros was at first called Antipas'] as Hermas is of Hermodorus, Lucas of Lucanus, and Silvas of Silvanus). — Antipas, other- wise unknown, is mentioned in Rev 2'^. Later Greek tradition made him bishop of Pergamum, martyred under Uomitian by being thrown into a brazen bull which stood at the temple of Diana, and so roasted alive.* The name has been allegor- ized as anti-pas ( = ' against all ') or anti-papa. The character of the Apocalj^pse, again, admits the hypothesis that the name refers to the Ciod Pan. Pan was worshipped at Ephesus and in many
* Neumann (Der Rom. Stoat u. dif allgemeine Eirche, 1890, i. 15) suggests that Antipas was the only martyr who suffered in Pergamum, but Ramsay {Letters to the Seven Churches, 288) maintains that he was the first of a long series.
cities in Asia Minor — no record of his worship at Pergamum is extant — under the strong influences of Arcadian and Peloponnesian cults. It is not impossible, therefore, that the Christian Church at Pergamum is praised for its opposition to the heathen Pan. Cf. Balaam, Nicolaitans.
Literature.— ^6', April, ii. [1866] 3 ff., 901 ; Roscher, iii. 1369; H. B. Swete, Apocalypse, ad loc. ; H. Alford, Gr. Test., ad loc. ; W. M. Ramsay, Church in the Roman Empire^, 1897, Letters to the Seven Churches, 1904 ; C. v. Weizsacker, Apostolic Age, Eng. tr. 1894 ; A. C. McGiffert, Hist, of Christianity in the Apost. Age, 1897. "VV. F. COBB.
ANTIPATRIS CAi/HTrarpis).— Antipatris, a Hel- lenistic town of Palestine, stood at the eastern edge of the Plain of Sharon, where the military road from Jerusalem to Csesarea left the hills. Under the protection of a body of Roman cavalry and infantry, St. Paul was brought thither by night, and thence, with a diminished escort, to Ctesarea (Ac 23^i- '*^). Antipatris was a border town between Judsea and Samaria (Neubauer, Gcogr. du Talm., 1868, p. 80 f.), and after it was reached there would be less danger of a Jewish attack. Josephus {Ant. XVI. V. 2) gives an account of its foundation :
'Herod erected another city in the plain called Kapbarsaba, where he chose out a fit place, both for plenty of water and goodness of soil, and proper for the production of what was there planted, where a river encompassed the city itself, and a ^ove of the best trees for magnitude was round about it : this he named Antipatris, from his father Antipater.'
The historian elsewhere identifies it with Kaphar- saba [Ant. XIII. xv. 1), and Robinson (Biblical Researches, iv. 139 f. ), followed by Schiirer (II. i. 130 f.), naturally concludes that the site must be the modem Kefr Sdbd ; but, as the latter place cannot be described as well-watered, Conder, Warren, G. A. Smith, and Buhl all favour Bas- el-'Ain, a little farther south, at the source of the Aujah. James Strahan.
ANTITYPE.— See Type.
ANTONIA.— See Castle.
ANXIETY.— See Care, Careful.
APELLES ('A-Ke\\rj%, a Greek name possibly con- tracted from Apollodorus, and apparently common among Jews of the Dispersion [cf. Hor. Sat. i. 5. 100 : credat ludceus Apella, and Gow's suggestion, ad loc, that, as modern Jews take a Gentile name which closely resembles their Hebrew name, so in ancient times a Jew called Abel might choose the name Apelles]). — Apelles, saluted by St. Paul in Ro 16^", is called ' the approved in Christ ' (rbv ddKifiou iv Xpto-Tfp). The phrase may indicate that he had been specially tested and tried by affliction or per- secution, or that he was a Christian who had gained the approbation of the Church, sufficiently perhaps to be called to the ministry (cf. 1 Ti 3'°). Nothing is known of Apelles beyond this reference.
Assuming the Roman destination of these saluta- tions, he was probably a Jewish convert residing in Rome as a member of the Imperial household. As the salutation which follows is that to ' the household of Aristobulus,' it has been suggested that Apelles' Christian activity may have lain in that direction. If Aristobulus (q.v. ) was the grand- son of Herod, Apelles would no doubt find in his ' household ' many members of his own race. The name Apelles is known to have belonged to the Imperial household. It was borne by a famous tragic actor in the time of the Emperor Cains (see Lightfoot, Philip>pians'^, 1878, p. 174).
T. B. Allwoethy.
APOCALYPSE. — I. Introduction. —±. The word 'apocalypse' in the NT. — airoKd\v\l/is ('re- velation ') occurs some eighteen times in the NT. The general sense is ' instruction concerning Divine
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APOCALYPSE
APOCALYPSE
tilings before unknown — especially those relating to the Christian salvation — given to the soul by (iod or the ascended Christ, especially through the operation of the Holy Spirit (1 Co 2'") ' (Grimm- Thajer). The word was important to St. Paul when he wished to express his independence of the first apostles in reference to his knowledge of the gospel and even to the steps taken to come to an understanding with them (Eph 3», Gal 2^). The object of diroKa\v\f/is is, therefore, a mystery (Ko 16^). Tlie gospel without it would remain unknown, with it it is an 'open secret.'* The source, as also the end or object, of dTro/cdXui/'is is God or Jesus Christ, and the mode may be vision or ecstasy (2 Co 12'). It maj' also be, however, events which strike the general eye, e.g. ' the righteous judgment of God' (Ro 2'); * diroKdXvrpis of the sons of God' (8^®), i.e. 'the glory that is manifestly given to some, showing them to be sons of God ' ; ' dTTOKciXt/i/'is of the glory of Christ '(IP 4'^), i.e. 'the glory with which He will return from heaven ' (Grimm-Thayer). The return is called the ' d.iroKd\v\f/is of the Lord Jesus Christ' (2 Th V, 1 Co 1'', 1 P P- J3). As a prophet is one to whom truth comes not from man but from God, what he utters may be called an dvoKd\v\//is, and he himself may be said to ' have an dwoKd\v\pis,' or to speak ip dTTOfcaXi'i/zet (1 Co 14^'; of. v.''). It is a fact of much suggestiveness for the subject of this article (see below) that, so far as the NT is concerned, the prophet and the apocalyptist may be considered one and the same.