Baptism ritual is elaborate. Before and after immersion there is anointing. Presbyters can baptize, though not ordain (iii. 10, 11). Deacon- esses are useful, especially in the baptism of women {ib. 15). Canon 50 orders trine immersion.
The bishop is to be ordained by two or three bishops after he is chosen by the people, who are to be repeatedly asked for their consent to pro- cedure (viii. 4). A chief duty of his, requiring acuteness and tact and honour, is the charge of the almsgiving (ii. 4). Exorcists are recognized as doing good work, though they are not to be ordained.
In public worship (ii. 57) the bisiiops and presby- ters sit, the deacons stand near, the congregation are seated according to age and sex, children may stand beside their parents. Deacons walk about to check whispering, laughing, or sleeping. Lessons from the historical and poetical books of the OT respectively are followed i)y a Psalm sung solo, the congregation joining ' at the conclusions of the verses ' ; then comes a lesson from the Acts or Epistles, and after this all stand at the reading of tlie Gospel. If visiting bishops, presbyters, or deacons are i)resent, they are to be recognized as such, and, especially visiting ])isliops, are to be asked to speak. There is daily morning and evening service (ii. 59, viii. 34, 35), and temptation
both to neglect it and to attend heathen and Jewish services.
Curiosities of thought and diction are : warn- ings to males against dressiness — they may thus snare the frail fair (i. 3) ; warnings to women not to paint the face, 'which is God's workmanship' (ib. 8) ; the reason in favour of secrecy in alms- giving, that thus comparisons and grumbling are prevented among the recipients (iii. 14) ; an elabo- rate comparison of spiritual and physical healing (ii. 41), which gives a vivid picture of contemporary medicine and surgery, at least as it appeared to the author's imagination :
' If it be a hollow wound or great gash, nourish it with a suit- able plaster ; ... if foul, cleanse with corrosive powder, that is, words of reproof ; if it have proud flesh, eat it down with a sharp plaster — threats of judgment ; if it spreads, cut o£f the putrid flesh ; . . . but if there is no room for a fomentation, or oil, or bandage, then, with a great deal of consideration, and the advice of other sliilful physicians, cut off the putrefied member, that the whole church be not corrupted. ... Be not hasty with the saw, but first try lancing.'
A quaint story is told by Peter (vi. 8 f.) about Simon Magus, who, to recommend his heresies, flew in the air in a Roman theatre supported by demons, till Peter exorcized them and Simon fell and broke his legs, whereupon the people cried out : ' There is only one God, and Peter rightly preaches the truth.'
Literature. — In addition to the references already given, full notes will be found in H. Achelis' valuable art. ' Apostol. Konstitutionen u. Kanones ' in PRE3 i. [1896]. The ' Ante-Nicene Library' (vol. xvii.) contains an Eng. translation. See also the notices in A. Harnack, Gesch. der altchrist lichen Litteratur, pt. i. [Leipzig, 1893] ; A. J. Maclean, Recent Discoveries illustrat- ing Early Christian Life and Worship, London, 1904 ; W. E. Collins, art. ' Apostol. Constitutions ' in EBr^i ii. [1910].
R. W. Stewart. APPEAL.— See Trial- at-Law.
APPEARING.— See Parousia.
APPHIA (in some MSS and VSS Aphphia or Appia). — A Christian lady of CoIossjb, designated by St. Paul (Philem^) as 'sister' (d8€\<py, so K ADE), in the Christian sense. AV, following inferior MS testimony, substitutes 'beloved' (d7a7r??Ti7) ; some MSS have both words. Grotius regards the name as a softened and hellenized form of the Latin Appia; but Lightfoot {Col. and Phileni.^, 1879, p. 306) and Zahn (Introd. to NT, 1909, i. 458) show that the name is Phrygian and is found in numerous ancient Phrygian inscriptions.
Most commentators (following Chrysostom and Theodoret) regard Apphia as Philemon's wife, since otherwise her name either would not have been in- troduced at all in a private letter, or at least would have been put after the name of Archippus (q.tu), who was an office-bearer. As the wife of Philemon, Apphia would have some claim to be consulted in such a matter as the forgiveness and emancipation of a slave. The possibility, however, of her being the sister (literally) of Philemon is not grammatic- ally excluded if the reading ' sister ' be accepted.
The ancient Greek Martyrology represents Apphia (along with Philemon) as suffering martyr- dom under Nero on Nov. 22 (see Mencea for November). Literature. — See under Philemon. HeNRY CowaN.
APPII FORUM.— See Appius, Market of.
APPIUS, MARKET OF (Airwlov <pl>pov, Ac 28" ; AV Appii Forum). — A town on the Via Appia, the usual resting-place for travellers from Rome at the end of the first day's journey, though Horace says of himself and his companion : ' Hoc iter ignavi divisimas' {Sat. I. v. 5). The site of the town is marked by considerable ruins, near the modern railway station of Foro Appio, where the 43rd ancient milestone is still preserved. It was the northern terminus of a canal {fossa), which ex-
APEOX