even ^^nde^ theories of a Real Presence, which is something other and more than a purely spiritual presence, the bread which Jesus broke at the Last Supper was, in the first place, a symbol of His own body of flesh and blood which was yielded to death in a sacrifice of love.
Literature. — H. Cremer, Bibl.-Theol. Lex.^, Edinburgh, 18S0, s.v. ; relevant sections in J. Laidlaw, Bible JDoct. of Man, do. 1879; F. Delitzsch, Bibl. Psi/chuloqv, Eng. tr., do. 1867; and the JST Theologies of Holtzmann [tuhingen, 1911], Weiss [Eng. tr., Edinburgli, 18S2-S3], and Beyschlag [Eng. tr., do. 1895]. See, further, W. P. Dickson, .St. Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit, Glasgow, 1SS3 ; H. H. Wendt, Teach- ing of Jestis, Eng. tr., Edinburgh, 1892, i. 156 ; H. W. Robin- son, ' Heb. Psychology in relation to Pauline Anthropology,' in Mansfield College Essays, London, 1909 ; F. Paget, Spirit of Discipline, do. 1891, p. 80 ff. J. C. LAMBERT.
BOLDNESS.—' Boldness ' (with the allied expres- sions 'bold,' 'boldly,' 'to be bold') has several Greek equivalents in the apostolic writings. — (a) In the sense of daring, we find it used to render ToX/aav, 'to dare,' 'to be bold' (2 Co 10" n-\ Ph P'*). The cognate adverb roX^77p(3s in the compar. ToXfj.rjpoTepoi' is used by St. Paul (Ro 15^^). The verb, in composition with the strengthening prep. cLTrd, is used in Ro 10"", where cnroToXixav has the force of 'to be very bold.' — (b) In the sense of being of good courage it is employed to render eappelv in 2 Co b^- ^ T^** (RV ; the AV having ' con- fident,' ' confidence ' in these places). In 2 Co 10^' *, where the same verb is rendered ' to be bold ' in AV, the RV prefers ' to be of good courage ' ; and similarly ' we may boldly say ' of AV in He IS** is rendered in RV ' with good courage we say.' In Ac 28^^ 6dpaos occurs in the expression used regard- ing St. Paul — ' he thanked God and took courage.' dpd(Tos and dpaaiJTr]? are used in the sense of ' over- confidence,' 'insolence' in Patristic literature in company with such words as irXeove^la, ' covetous- ness,' and dXa^opeia, ' boastfulness ' (Didache Hi. 9, V. 1). — (c) In the sense of liberty and frankness of speech it is employed to translate -n-appijala and the derived verb irapprjaidi^eadaL. In classical usage irappTja-ia (irdv and pijais) is the frank and outspoken expression of opinion which Avas the cherished privilege of Athenian citizenship. In NT usage it denotes the glad and fearless confidence in drawing near to God, and having communion with Him, which is the dearest privilege of the Christian heart (Eph 3'2, He 4^^ 1 Jn 2-«). It is contrasted with shrinking back from fear or shame (Ph P", 1 Jn 2-**). In reference to speech, it is plainness and candour without reserve or ambiguitj^, without parable or metaphor, without hesitation or mis- giving, in the utterance of it (Jn 7'^ 11" IG^s- 29, Ac 429 J34(i -where irapprj(ndi'ea-6aL is used). ' When it is transferred from words to actions, it appears always to retain the ideaof "confidence, boldness"' (Lightfoot on Col 2^%
The chief usages of the word in the apostolic writers may be given as follows :
(1) Fearlessness and frankness in the public proclamation of the gospel. — Examples are St. Peter on the day of Pentecost (Ac 2^^), St. Peter and St. John before the Council (4'^), and in setting forth Christ to the people (4-«- ''), St. Paul at Rome preaching to all and sundry (28^^). In this sense Trapprjaidi'ea-Oai is used of Saul at Damascus and Jeru.salem (O^^^*), of St. Paul and Barnabas at Antioch of Pisidia (13'*^), of Apollos at Ejjhesus (18'«), of St. Paul himself at Thessalonica (1 Th 2^ ; cf. Eph 6i»'-).
(2) Confidence in prai/er and communion with God through Christ. — This is the privilege which St. Paul (Eph 3^*) commends to his readers when he speaks of ' boldness and access in confidence ' which are theirs through their faith in Christ. The same fearless confidence is dwelt upon by the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews (4i» W^).
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BO]S"DAGE
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This joyous confidence in prayer is specially notable in St. John's First Epistle (S^i 5'*). It comes of abiding in Christ (2"^), of the presence in the heart of the love which casts out fear (4^''^*), of a clear conscience and an obedient life (3^"^).
(3) Candid speech towards Christian brethren (2 Co 7*, Philem », and possibly 2 Co 3^2, if Chrysos- tom's interpretation be correct).
(4) Fearless bearing in the Church and before the world acquired through the faithful discharge o/f/M^y (1 Ti3i», Phpo).
(5) Fearless confidence at the appearance of Christ and before His judgment seat (1 Jn 2^ 4""'®). — The Scriptural opposite is the shame of the man without the wedding-garment who was speechless (Mt 22'^). Clement's words are a good illustration : ' The good workman takes with boldness the bread which is the reward of labour, but the slothful and the indolent dare not meet the eye of their em- ployer' (1 Clem, xxxiv. 1). Cf. also Wis 5^ : 'Then [in the judgment] shall the righteous man stand in great boldness before the face of them that afilicted him.'