St. Paul passed Chios in his last recorded Mgean voyage (Ac 20"). Sailing in the morning from Mitylene in Lesbos, his ship, after a run of 50 miles, cast anchor at night near the Asian coast, opposite Chios (dvnKpvi XLov) and under the head- land of Mimas. Next day she struck across tiie open sea (7ra/)e/3dXo/ieK) for Samos. Chios was one of the seven claimants to tiie honour of being the birth-place of Homer, and its pretensions received stronger 8upi)ort from tradition th.an those of any of its rivals. ' The blind old bard of Chios' rocky isle' was familiar with the course pursued by St. Paul, fur he represents Nestor as standing in his ship at the Lesbian Bay and doubting —
' If to the right to urge the pilot's toil . . . Or the straight course to rocky Chios plough. And anchor under Mimas' shaggy brow '
(Od. iii. 168-172X
CHLOE
CHRIST, CHRLSTOLOGY 177
Josephus describes a voyage of Herod the Great in the opposite direction. ' When he had sailed by Rhodes and Cos, he touched at Lesbos, as think- ing he should have overtaken Agrippa there ; but he was taken short here by a north wind, which hindered his ship from going to the shore, so he remained many days at Chios. . . . And when the high winds were laid he sailed to Mitylene, and thence to Byzantium' {Ant. XVI. ii. 2).
Literature. — Conybeare-Howson, St. Paul, new ed., London, 1877, ii. 2G2£. ; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul, do. 1895, p. 292 f. ; T. Bent, in Eng. Hist. Review, iv. [1889] pp. 467-480 ; Murray's Guide to Asia Minor. JAMES StRAHAN.
CHLOE. — St. Paul was told of the factions in Corinth virb tCov XX^t/s, 'by them of Chloe' (1 Co 1"). It is not said that she Avas a Christian, nor is it clear whether she lived in Corinth or in Ephesus. Pro- bably she was an Ephesian Christian lady, whose 'people' (i.e. her Cliristian slaves, or companions, or even children) had brought back disquieting news after visiting Corinth. Her name is an epithet of a goddess and was often given to slaves ; hence it has been conjectured that she was a freedwoman of property.
LiTERATtTRK.— Artt. In EDB on 'Chloe' and on '1. Cor- inthians,'p. 487a; Comm. on 1 Cor. by Findlay (EGT, 1904), pp. 735, 703, and by Godet (1889), i. 21, 64. C. v. Weizsacker discusses the situation in Corinth, and takes a different view about Chloe : see hia Apostolic Age, L^, London, 1897, pp. 305, 318, 325, 335. J. E. KOBERTS.
CHRIST, CHRISTOLOGY.— In studying ' Chris- tology ' the object is to ascertain what were the opinions, convictions, or dogmas regarding the Person of Christ which were held by particular authorities or by the Christian Church as a whole at any particular time. In the period now under review ' dogmas ' do not enter into considera- tion, seeing that the Apostolic Age does not furnish any instance of common opinion enforced by authority, which is what ' dogma ' consists in. On the other hand, the limits of our period are set not by the * Age of the Apostles ' strictly understood, but by the documents which form our NT, even though some of them may be held to proceed from a generation subsequent to that of the apostles.
It has been usual to divide the subject into pre-Pauline and Pauline (with ^lost-Pauline) Chris- tology ; and the division only iv)es justice to the great place occupied by St. Paul i^ the interpreta- tion or Christian experience and tlie correlation of Christian thought. But the classitication is open to a two-fold objection. In the first place, it tends unduly to depreciate the importance, indeed the normative value, of Christian experience and re- flexion anterior to St. Paul ; and, in the second place, by grouping the other forms of Christology as' post- Pauline ' or ' sub- Pauline,' it assumes or alleges a relation of dependence between them and the Cliristolugy of the Apostle ; whereas the fact of this relation and the measure of it are parts of the whole problem, and call for careful investiga- tion. It is preferable, therefore, to consider first primitive Christology, and then sub-primitive Chris- tology, without assuming any continuous line of development.
I. The Christology of the primitive com- munity.— 1. Sources. — The material for the study of this period is far from copious, and its value has been much disputed. Yet its importance is so great that it demands careful examination. The possible sources may be classified under three heads : (1) the Acts of the Apostles, especially tiie earlier half ; (2) certain statements and allusions in St. Paul's Epistles as to views held in common by him- self and the primitive Christian community ; and (3) certain elements in the Synoptic Gospels, in
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which, it has been suggested, we find reflected the Christological idea of a later generation. We shall take these in the reverse order.
(1) The Synoptic Gospels. — Here it is not proposed to make any use of what some claim to recognize as 'secondary' material in the Synoptic Gospels. Firstly, even if the presence of such material be admitted as a possibility, there is the greatest un- certainty as to its amount and its distribution. While there has undoubtedly been a tendency in some critical writers to exaggerate the influence of later theology on the Synoptic record, it is also quite possible that the criteria to which they appeal may need to be revised. Neither the absolute nor the relative dates of the NT documents have been ascertained with sufficient certainty, nor yet has the inner history of the period been realized with sufficient precision, to make the discrimination of such material anything but very precarious. But, secondly, even if there were much more certainty than there is as to tiie Synoptic material which is really secondary in character, it would be of little use for our purpose, seeing that the criterion by which it is distinguished is precisely its harmony with the views of a later period ; and on that ac- count it cannot be expected to yield any new and positive information as to the opinion held in the period to which ex hypothesi it belongs.