But not to the obliteration of His humanity, or to the obscuring of His dependence upon God. The glory was visible to those who believed on Him ; but they were fully persuaded of the reality of His human nature too (1 Jn l^^^). To others He appeared as a man (4-'' 5^^ 1*^ 9" 10^^), with a human father and mother (6*^). They relied on the evi- dence of their senses when they accused Him of blasphemy, ' because thou being a man makest thyself God' (10=*=*). The Evangelist does not shrink from reporting the words of Philip wlien he described Him as 'Jesus the son of Joseph' (l''^), or those of the Baptist referring to Him as dvOpuwos (3-'') ; he even reports Jesus as referring to Himself in the same terms — vvv 8^ '(T^Telri fie airoKrelvai duOpuy iroi> 8s TT]v d\-/jd€iav v/miv \e\d\-nKa (8'***).
His humanity is emphasized with a detail un- known in the Synoptic Gospels — He could be wearied (4^), thirsty (19-8), troubled in .spirit {\3-^). He Himself says, ' Now is my soul troubled ' (12'"'^), and prays that He may be saved ' from this hour' (cf. He 5^). He formed ties of intimate personal
CHRISTIAN
CHRISTIAN
199
friendship and affection (11^), and at the tomb of Lazarus He ' wept ' (IP^). The attempt to exphiin such instances of emphasis on the human nature of Jesus as due to the ' schematism ' of the writer is an attempt to get rid of the problem left by the Johannine Christology by evading one of the factors, and it is wrecked on the simplicity and naturalness of each of the instances. A schema- tism which so successfully concealed the inner meaning of tlie language would defeat its own object.
Nor is it possible to explain away the repeated witness to the sense of dependence upon God ac- knowledged by Jesus, and the derivation of His power from Him. The Father who is ' greater than all things' (10^^) is 'greater than' the Son (14'^*). From the Father the Son derives the things which He speaks to the world (8-« ; cf. 8^» 12'*9 IS^^), and also the power to do His 'works.' He 'can do nothing of himself ' (5^^ ; cf. 5^"8-^). He submits Himself continuously to the Father's commands (15'"; cf. 8^**), and finds His spiritual nourishment in obedience (4^). It is in this document where the human nature of the Son and His dependence on the Father are asserted with the strongest emphasis that His Divinity is for the first time expressly acknowledged (V 20-**). If John thus leaves an unsolved problem for posterity to attack it is better to recognize that it is so.
' How it was possible that this essential divine possession, the exclusive endowment of a heavenly, spiritual being-, could be manifested in a being of flesh, is not a subject on which he seems to have pondered — it is to him simply a marvel for reverent contemplation ! One thing only is clear, that with e<|ual energy he defends both positions : truly become flesh, and yet in complete possession of those qualities which con- stitute the nature of the Deity ' (J. Weiss, op. cit. p. 151).
Literature. — In addition to the authorities cited above, see W. Lock, ' Christology of the Earlier Chapters of the Acts,' in Expositor, 4th ser., iv. [1891] 178 ; W. Sanday, Christolmjies Ancient and Modern, Oxford, 1910 ; G. H. Box, 'The Christian Messiah in the Light of Judaism,' in JThSt xiii. [1912] 321 ; B. W. Bacon, Jesiis the Son of God, London, 1911 ; J. Gran- bery, Outline of NT Christology, Chicago, 1909 ; A. E. Garvie, Studies of Paul and his Gospel, London, 1911 ; A. Deiss- mann, St. Paul, Eng tr., London, 1912; M. Briickner, Die Entstehuny der panlinischen Christologie, Strassburg, 1903 ; W. Olschewski, Die Wurzeln der paulinischen Christologie, Konigsberg, 1909 ; S. Monteil, La Christologie de Saint-Paul, Paris, 190G ; A. Jiilicher, Paulus vnd Jesus, Tiibingen, 1907 ; J. Weiss, Jesus iin Glauben des Orchristentums, do. 1910, and 'Christologie des Urchristentums,' in RGG 1. [1909] 1712 fif.; A. S. Peake, ' The Person of Christ in the Revelation of St. John,' in Mansjirld College Essa)/s, London, 1909, p. 89 ; F. Loofs, What is' the Truth about Jesus Christ?, Eng. tr., Edin- burgh, 1913 ; H. R. Mackintosh, The Doctrine of the Person of Jesus Christ, Edinburgh, 1912 ; W. Bousset, Eyrios Christos, Gottingen, 1913. C. ANDERSON SCOTT.
CHRISTIAN (Xpio-rtai'ds). — We might expect that, in the case of so renowned a name as ' Chris- tian,' the occasion and circumstances of its origin would have been recorded with all possible detail, but such is not the case. Its first appearance is noticed in the most simple, matter-of-fact way without further explanation. ' The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch ' (Ac ll-*'). Then, as far as the NT is concerned, the name almost disappears ; it is mentioned only twice again (Ac 26-^, 1 P 4^''). In the former passage Agrippa says : ' Thou wouldest fain make me a Christian ' ; in the latter, Peter's words, ' If a man sutler as a Christian,' are spoken from a persecutor's stand- point. Even in Agrippa's day the designation was understood (c. A.D. 44), and, when 1 Peter was written (A.D. 64-67), it must have been in common u.se. In the other Epistles the name does not occur. There the terms used are such as 'disciples,' 'believers,' 'the faithful,' 'brethren,' '.saints.' The only two points definitely indicated in Ac 11-^ are the time and place, and both these are in every way appropriate.