Literature. — This article has dealt only with the period from the Ascension to the end of the 1st cent. ; for this reference may be made to H. St. J. Thackeray, The Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary Jewish Thought, London, 1900, ch. vi. For demoniacal possession see R. C. Trench, ^otes on the Miracles of our Lor(P, London, 1870, § 6 ('The Demoniacs in the Country of the Gadarenes '). On the subject in general see H. B. Swete, The Holy Spirit in the JVeio Testament, London, 1909, Appendix 0; A Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianitii, Eng. tr.2, 190S, i. 125 ff. ; O. C. Whitehouse in HDB, art. 'Demon, Devil' ; W. O. E. Oesterley in DCG, art. 'Demon, Demoniacs' ; R. W. Moss in SDB, artt. ' DevU,' ' Possession.' For post- aposlolic conceptions of demonology see H. L. Pass in ERE, art. ' Demons and Spirits (Christian)' ; for those of other nations see the various articles under the same title in ERE.
A. J. Maclean. DEPUTY.— This is the AV translation of dt-^i/TraTOj, the Gr. equivalent of jjro consule, ' proconsul ' {q.v.). In NT times ' proconsul ' Avas the name given to the governor of a senatorial province — that is, a province under the supervision of the Roman Senate, Avhich appointed the governors. In the NT the following senatorial provinces are referred to as under proconsuls : Asia, governed by an ex- consul, called proconsul, a province of the highest class, and Cyprus and Achaia, each governed by an ex-])ra3tor, also called proconsul, provinces of the second class. A. SOUTEE.
DERBE {Aip^ri).—Derhe Avas one of 'the cities of Lycaonia' into Avhicli Paul and Barnabas lied Avhen driven from Iconium (Ac 14"). Strabo says it Avas ' on the flanks of the Isaurian region, ad-
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hering (^7rt:re^ii/c(5s) to Cappadocia' (XII. vi. 3). It belonged to that part of Lycaonia which, in the 1st cent. B.C., the Romans added, as an 'eleventh Strategia,' to the territory of the kings of Cappa- docia (XII. i. 4). From them it was seized, along with the more important town of Laranda, by Antipater the robber (called 6 Aep^-riTr]s), who is otherwise known as a friend of Cicero (ad Fam. xiii. 73). Antipater was attacked and slain by Amyntasof Galatia (c. 29 B.C.), who added Laranda and Derbe to the extensive territories which he ruled as a Roman subject-king. On the* death of Amjmtas in 25 B.C. his kingdom was formed into the Roman province of Galatia. But the 'eleventh Strategia' again received special treat- ment. After changing hands more than once, it was ultimately added — as the inscriptions on coins indicate — to the kingdom of Antiochus rv., and therefore called 'Strategia Antiochiane' (Ptolemy, V. 6), an arrangement which lasted from A.D. 41 to the death of Antiochus in 72. Derbe, however, being required as a fortress city on the Roman frontier, was detached from the Strategia and in- cluded in the province of Galatia, after which it re- ceived a new constitution, and was named Claudio- Derbe, which was equivalent to Imperial Derbe.
Ethnically and geographically Lj'caonian, the city was now politically Galatian. As in Lystra, the educated natives were no doubt bilingual, speaking Lycaonian (Au/caoi'to-W, Ac 14^^) among themselves, but using Greek as the language of commerce and culture. Derbe lay on the great trade-route between Ephesus and Syrian Antioch. All the cities on that line had been hellenized by the Seleucids, whose task the Romans now con- tinued. St. Paul's first visit to Derbe was very suc- cessful ; he ' made many disciples ' (Ac 14-^), and the city is not mentioned as one of the places in Avhich he was persecuted (2 Ti 3"). It is a striking fact that he made Derbe the last stage of his missionary progress, instead of going on to the neighbouring and greater city of Laranda. His action appears to be prompted by a motive which the historian does not formally state. Because Derbe Avas the limit of Roman territory, he made it the limit of his mission. He followed the lines of Empire. In his second journey he evidently crossed the Taurus by the Cilician Gates, passed through the kingdom of Antiochus, and so ' came to Derbe and Lystra' (Ac 15-"-16^). A third visit is prob- ably implied by the statement that 'he went through the region of Galatia and Phrygia in order, stablishing all the disciples' (18^). On the Southern Galatian theory, the Christians of Derbe formed one of the ' churches of Galatia' (1 Co 16^ Gal P), and they Avere among the dvoijTot. TaXdrai (Gal 3^) whom he exhorted to stand fast in their Christian liberty (5'). Imperial Derbe stood in closer relations with the Roman colonies of Antioch and Lystra than with the non-Roman Lycaones of the kingdom of Antiochus.
Sterrett (Wolfe Expedition, 1888, p. 23) placed Derbe between the villages of Zosta and Bossola on the road from Konia to Laranda. In both of these places there are numerous ancient cut stones and inscriptions, but it is doubtful if they are in situ, and W. M. Ramsay thinks that the position of the ancient city is indicated by a large deserted mound, called by the Turks Gudclissin, about 3 miles W.N.W. from Zosta. It still waits to be explored.