This party would perhaps point to the obedience of Christ to the Law during His life, and would strongly advocate the position that Christianity was an outcome of Judaism, and that the Gentile in accepting Christ must i bow his head to the yoke of the Law as well. In 1 Cor. we see this party in its infancy ; but in 2 Cor. it has grown to much more dangerous proportions. From the internal evidence of the latter Epistle we may gather some- thing of their claims. They were Hebrews ; they claimed to be apostles ; they preached another gospel and another Jesus (2 Co 11). Their insistence upon obedience to the ceremonial Law brought them into direct conflict with St. Paul's teaching on justification. They made many grievous and unjust charges against him, and sought in every way to discredit him and to belittle his authority. The Epistle makes it clear that they met with considerable success. The Corinthians were in- fatuated with their new teachers, and turned against the Apostle. In some way the news of the defection reached St. Paul, and led to his paying a visit to Corinth. This visit is not recorded in the Acts but is alluded to in this Epistle (2 Co 13). This was followed by a stern letter which some think is preserved in 2 Co 10-13 ; and finally, on receipt of the good news of their rejientance, St. Paul wrote with thankfulness the Epistle which we have in 2 Co 1-9. MORLEY STEVENSON.
DIVORCE.— See Marriage.
DOCTOR. — 'Doctor' (Lk 2« 5", Ac 5") = 'teacher.' The 'doctor' was ascribe. Till 40 years old he Avas tnlmid ('scholar'). Probably after examination he became tabnid hdkJidm (' sage scholar'). On receiving a call from a particular community, he was solemnly ordained to ofhce with laying on of hands, and became rabbi ('master'). Such was the process after A.D. 70. In the XT rabbi has not so specialized an applica- tion. The Law, especially the oral tradition, was
DOCTEIXE
DOMITIAX
309
the great subject of study ; it was learned by in- defatigable memorizing. Discussions were held at which listeners might put questions (cf. Lk 2^).
LiTEBATTTRE.— E. Schiirer, HJP ii. i. §25 (n.); W. Bonsset, Religion des Judentums im neutest. ZeitoUter, 1903, ii. o, p. 147 ; art. ' Doctor' in HDB, DCG, and CE.
W. D. NiVEX.
DOCTRINE.— See Teaching.
_ DOG {kvwv, Ph 32, 2 P 2", Rev 221").— In Pales- tine the dog plays a very insignificant and con- temptible part, and is in consequence the symbol for all that is ignoble and mean. The ordinary pariah street -dogs are from two to three feet long, tawny in colour, have small eyes, short fur, and comparatively' little hair on the tail. They act as scavengers, clearing away carcases and offal, which form the staple of their food, and which, but for them, might create pestilence (cf. H. B. Tristram, Natural History^'', p. 78). They bark and howl all night (cf. Ps 59^- "), but as a rule are afraid of men, though on occasions they attack travellers in lonely places. Sometimes they are trained to act as sheep-dogs (cf. Job 30^), not, however, for driving the sheep, as with us, but for guarding them against the attacks of wolves and jackals at night. Dogs were seldom regarded or treated as pets ; this was perhaps due to the fact that the Jews were not a hunting people. Tristram, how- ever, informs us that he had no difficulty in mak- ing a pet of a puppy taken from pariah dogs [op. cit. p. SO), while we have clear evidence in Mt 15^ II Mk 7^^ that they sometimes became household pets ; it is, however, noticeable that the term used in these two passages is the diminutive Kwdpiov. The only other breed of dog known in Palestine is the Persian greyhound, which resembles our grej-hound in general form and appearance, but is larger and stronger, though not so swift. This dog is used by shaikhs for hunting the gazelle.
When used as a personal epithet in OT and NT, 'dog' is a term of absolute contempt when applied to others, of extreme humility when applied to one- self. In Ph 3'-, St. Paul applies the term to his Judaizing opponents — ' Look to, be on your guard against, the dogs, the workers of mischief, the con- cision' (cf. Lightfoot, Philippians*, 187S, p. 143) — a party, clearly, well-defined and well-known to the members of the Philippian Church. In 2 P 2-- the 'dog' is mentioned along with the 'sow' as in Horace [Epp. i. ii. 26) — the dog turning to his own vomit again, and the sow that hath bathed itself (in mud), to wallowing in the mire. The reference is to apostates — those who, after being converted to the way of righteousness and having abandoned the filth in Avhich thej' had once so zealously ' bathed,' return again to wallow in the mire of their former delights. In Rev 22'^, the ' dogs ' are those who are corrupted by the foul vices of the heathen world, many of whom were doubt- less to be found within the pale of the Church (cf. 214. 2of.^ 2 Co 12-').
Literature. — For the do^ in Palestine see H. B. Tristram, Natural History of the Bible^o^ 1911, p. 78ff. ; also SWP : ' The Fauna and Flora of Palestine,' 1SS4, p. -21 ; P. G. Balden- sperger, 'The Immovable East,' in PEFSt, 1903, p. 73, 1904, p. 361 ; J. E. Hanauer, ' Palestinian Animal Folk-Lore,' in PEFSt, 1904, p. 265 ; W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, new ed., 1910, pp. 178-179. On the texts see especially J. B. Lightfoot, Philippians*, 1878, p. 143 f. ; C. Bigg, Epp. of St. Peier and St. Jude {ICC, 1901). p. 2S7f. ; H. B. Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 1907, p. 308.