The injunction to Timothy to be no longer a water-drinker {fM-qK^n {/dpoTrorei) but to use a little wine (1 Ti 5^) is now generally regarded as post- Pauline. It is ' evidently, in the context in which
it stands, not merely a sanitary but quite as much a moral precept, and thus implies that Timothy had himself begun to abjure wine on grounds of personal sanctity' (F. J. A. Hort, Judaistic Chris- tianity, 1894, p. 144). The words were probably written about the time of the hrst appearance of the Encratites [ERE v. 301), who made abstinence from flesh, Avine, and marriage the chief part of their religion, seeking salvation not by faith but by asceticism. Water-drinking thus for a time became associated wdth a deadly error. This was a situation in which Christians felt it to be their duty to assert their right to use what they re- garded as the creature and gift of God (1 Ti 4*'*). See, further, art. ABSTINE^'CE.
James Strahan. DRUSILLA (Ac 2424). — The youngest of the three daughters of Herod Agrippa I. She was but six years old when her father died in A.D. 44 (Jos. Ant» XIX. ix. 1). He had betrothed her to Epiphanes, son of the king of Commagene. This marriage did not take place, as Epiphanes refused to undergo the rite of circumcision (Ant. XX. vii. 1). Drusilla was given by her brother Agrippa il. to Azizus, king of Emesa. The marriage took place seemingly in A.D. 53. Very shortly afterwards the procurator Felix, who had lately come to Juda>a, met the young queen and was captivated by her charms {' She did indeed exceed all other women in beauty' [Ant. XX. vii. 2]). Employing as his emissary one Simon, a Cypriote, he persuaded her to leave her husband and to join him as his third wife — and third queen (' trium reginarum maritum,' writes Suetonius of Felix [Claud, xxviii.]). Of this union there was issue a son, who was given the name Agrippa, and of whom Josephus (Ant. XX. vii. 2) records incidentally that he and his wife perished in the eruption of Vesuvius in the reign of the Emperor Titus, i.e. in A.D. 79. Of Drusilla herself nothing is recorded later than the statement in Acts, which permits us to assume that she was present when St. Paul had audience of Felix, and used the opportunity to reason ' of righteousness, and temperance, and the judgment to come.' G. P. Gould.
DYSENTERY (AV * bloody flux'; Gr. Bvaev- Tipiov, Ac 28*). — When St. Paul and his com- panions, on their way to Rome, were shipwrecked on the island of Malta, the father of Publius who was governor of the island was suttering from this malady in an aggravated form. The sjmptoms of the disease are inflammation of the mucous mem- brane of the large intestine, mucous, bloody, diffi- cult, and painful evacuations, accompanied with more or less fever. Owing to Publius' kindness to the little group of delayed travellers, the Apostle visited his father, ' prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him.' This was evidently a case of mental healing, made efi'ective by prayer and per- sonal contact. C. A. Beckwith.
E
EAGLE (deriy, Rev 4' 8" 12^*).— There can be but little doubt that the ' eagle ' of the EV ought in most cases rather to be rendered ' vulture.' Both the Hebrew word •\m (in the OT) and the Greek word deros (in the NT) are used to designate ' vulture ' as well as ' eagle,' and it is a bird of this species rather than an eagle that is generally re- ferred to both in the OT and the NT, though in
the above-mentioned passages it is just possible that derds may denote an eagle.
Four kinds of vultures are known in Palestine (cf. Tristram, SWP : 'The Fauna and Flora of Palestine,' 1884, p. 94), viz. (1) Gypcetus barbatus ; (2) Gyps fulvus, or ' griffon' ; (3) IS'eophronp&rcnop- terus, the 'Egyptian vulture'; (4) Vnltur munachiis (cf. Post in EDB i. 632). The Gyps fulvus or
316
EAGLE
EAR
' griffon ' is supposed to be referred to in most of the passages in the OT and the NT.
There are said to be eight different kinds of eagle in Palestine: (I) Aquila chryscetus, or 'Golden Eagle.' This is seen in winter all over Palestine, but in summer it is only to be found in the mountain ranges of Lebanon and Herrnon. (2) Aquila heliaca, or 'Imperial Eagle,' which is more common than the Golden Eagle, and does not leave its winter haunts in summer time. The Imperial Eagle prefers to make its nest in trees rather than cliff's, and in this respect differs from the Golden Eagle. (3) Aquila clavga, or 'Greater Spotted Eagle.' (4) Aquila rapax, or 'Tawny Eagle,' which is found fairly frequently in the wooded districts of Palestine. This bird breeds in the cliffs, and plunders other birds of their prey. (5) Aquila pennata, or ' Booted Eagle,' which is found chiefly in the wooded parts of Galilee, the Lebanon and Phoenicia. (6) Aquila nipalensis, or ' Steppe Eagle.' (7) Aquila bonelli, or ' Bonelli's Eagle,' which is not uncommon in the wadis and rocky districts of Central Palestine. This bird is more like a falcon than an eagle. (8) Circcetus gallims, or ' Short-toed Eagle.' This is by far the common- est of all Palestinian eagles. They remain from early spring to the beginning of winter, when most of them migrate, probably to Arabia. This fearless and digniffed bird is easily recognized by its large flat head, huge yellow eyes, and brightly spotted breast. Its short toes and tarsi are covered with scales which afford it protection against the serpents on which it prej^s. The abundance of this species is doubtless accounted for by the large number of lizards and serpents found in Palestine. It is found throughout Central Europe, but only rarely ; on the other hand, it is seen fairly often in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean. It breeds in trees and not on rocks.