2. In Ko 16^, a member of the Church of Corinth, whom St. Paul in the postscript to Piomans calls his ' host' and the host of 'the whole church,' and whose salutations are sent to the readers of the letter. He was evidently a man of position and means (the greeting from him immediately pre- cedes that from Erastus, ' the treasurer of the city '), whether his hospitality took the form of keeping open house for Christians and Christian visitors like the Apostle at Corinth or of allowing the Christians to meet for common worship and edifica- tion under his roof.
Everything points to the identification of 1 and 2. The same Gains who was converted and bap- tized on St. Paul's first visit to Corinth entertained him on his second visit. Now it is perhaps easier to believe that this Corinthian would have friends, whom he would wish to salute, at Ephesus rather than at Rome, and these salutations in Ro 16^ are thought by some scholars to point to an Ephesian destination of the passage. But as Lightfoot re- marks, in the Apostolic Church personal acquaint- ance was not necessary to create Christian sympathy {Biblical Essays, 1893, p. 305).
3. In Ac 19^", a companion of St. Paul, who with Aristarchus was seized at Ephesus. They are described as • men of Macedonia ' (MaKeSdvas), there being very little support for another reading, ' a man of Macedonia,' referring to Aristarchus onlj'.
4. In Ac 20'*, a companion of St. Paul, who accompanied him from Greece to Asia Minor. He is described as 'of Derbe' (Aep^a7os), possibly in- tentionally to distinguish him from 3.
Attempts have been made to identify 3 and i. It is natural to do so, as the passages stand so close together. Emendations of the text have been suggested by which 'of Derbe' is taken with ' Timothy,' but these are purely conjectural, and Timothy was apparently a Lystran (Ac 16'- -). See W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, 1895, p. 280.
5. In 3 JnS the person to whom 3 John is ad- dressed. He is described as ' the beloved ' (6 aya- 7rr?T6s), and is commended for his hospitality (v.*). Nothing is known of this Gains, and there is no reason to suppose him to have been any one of those of the same name associated with St. Paul.
T. B. Allworthy.
GALATIA (VaKaTia). — Galatia was the name given by Greek-speaking peoples to that part of the central plateau of Asia Minor which was occu- pied by Celtic tribes from the 3rd cent. B.C. onwards. It corresponded to the Roman Gallogrmcia, or land of the Gallogi'feci ( = 'EXXTji'DYaXdrat [Diodorus, V. xxxii. 5]), who were so named in distinction from the Galli of Western Europe. Manlius in Livy (xxxviii. 17) professes to despise them — 'Hi jam degeneres sunt : mixti, et Gallogreeci vere, quod appellantur.'
About 280 B.C., the barbarians who had been menacing Italy for a century began to move east-
ward. A great Celtic wave swept over Macedonia and Thessaly. Under the leadership of Leonorios and Lutarios a body of 20,000 invaders— half of them fighting men, the rest women and children — crossed into Asia at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who desired their help in his struggle with his brother (Livy, xxxviii. 16). His success, however, proved costly both to himself and to his neighbours, for his new barbaric allies established themselves as a robber-State and be- came the scotirge of Asia Minor, exacting tribute from all the rulers north and west of Taurus, some of Avhom were fain to purchase exemption from their degradations by employing them as mercenary soldiers.
Attains I. of Pergamos (241-197) was the first to check the tierce barbarians. Defeating them in a series of battles, which are commemorated in the famous Pergamene sculptures, he compelled them to form a permanent settlement with definite boundaries in north-eastern Phrygia. The Gala- tian country, an irregular rectangle 200 miles long from E. to W. and about 100 miles wide, became ' in language and manners a Celtic island amidst the waves of eastern peoples, and remained so in internal organization even under the empire ' (T. Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire^, 1909, i. 338).
Like Coesar's Gaul, the country was divided into three parts, formed by the rivers Halys and Sanga- rius. The Tectosages settled round Ancyra, the Tolistobogii round Pessinus, and the Trocmi round Tavium. According to Strabo (XII. v. 1), the three tribes ' spoke the same language and in no respect ditiered from one another. Each of them was divided into four cantons called tetrarchies, each of which had its own tetrarch [or chief], its judge, and its general. . . . The Council of the twelve tetrarchies consisted of 300 men who as- sembled at a place called the Drynemetum.'
The term ' Galatians,' which at first denoted only the Gaulish invaders, was in course of time extended to their Phrygian subjects, and the 'Galatian' slaves who were sold in the ancient markets had really no Celtic blood in their veins. For two centuries the proud conquerors formed a comparatively small ruling caste in the country, like the Normans among the Saxons of England. As a military aristocracy, whose only trade was Avar, they left agriculture, commerce, and all the peaceful crafts to the Phrygian natives. Averse to the life of towns and cities, the chieftains established themselves in hill-forts ((ppovpia. [Strabo, XII. V. 2]), where they kept up a barbaric state, sur- rounded by retainers who shared witn them the vast wealth they had acquired by their many con- quests. For siding with Antiochus the Great in his war with Rome, and frequently breaking their promise to refrain from raiding the lands of their neighbours, the Galatians ultimately brought on themselves a severe castigation at the hands of Cn. Manlius Vulso in 189 B.C. (Livy, xxxviii. 12-27, Polyb. xxii. 16-22). About 160 B.C. they obtained a large accession of territory in Lj-caonia, includ- ing the towns of Iconium and Lystra. Thereafter they came under the influence of the kings of Pontus, but Mithridates the Great (120-63 B.C.), doubting their loyalty, ordered a massacre of all their chiefs, and this savage and stupid act at once drove the whole nation over to the Roman side. Their new alliance proved greatly to their advan- tage, and at the settlement of the affairs of Asia