Literature. — Out of a vast number of works it is not easy to give a small selection which will be useful to the reader ; and therefore only English works are here mentioned, and only those which bear on the apostolic period. Reference may be made to J. Pearson, An Exposition of the Creed (tirst published in IG.VJ; a monument of theological learning, of which the foot-notes, giving the Patristic quotations, are specially valu- able) ; C. Gore, The Incarnation o/ the Son of God (Bampton
GODLINESS
GOG AND MAGOG
467
Lectures, 1891) ; H. P. Liddon, The Divinity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (Bampton Lectures, 1866) ; Lux Mundi^, 1890 (especially Essays iv., v., vi., viii.); H. B. Swete, The Apostles' Creed'-'; 1S99", The Holy Spirit in the Xexo Testament, 19U9, and The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church, 1912 ; R. L. Ottley, Aspects of the OT {Bampton Lectures, 1S97) Cespecially Lecture iv. on the ' Projf ressive Self-Eevelation of God'); R. C. Moberley, Atonement and Personality, 1901 ; H. C. Powell, The Principle of the I ncarnation, 1S96 ; A. J. Mason, The Faith of the Gospel, 1887-89. Special reference must also be made to artt. ' God ' and ' Son of God ' by W. Sanday in HDB and 'Trinity' by C. F. D'Arcy in DCG.
A. J. Maclean.
GODLINESS.— This word appears in the EV of the NT as the tran.slation of the Gr. evcri^eLa (1 Ti 2-3i«47-8, 2Ti3^Titl^2Pl3•6•7 3ll^alsoAc3l2RV). In 1 Ti 21" it translates eeoai^eia. Cf. also 2 Clem. xix. 1 (evaejieia), XX. 4 {Oeoae^eLa). ' ei)tr^/3eta is a more general word than Beocre^eua, and is almost equivalent to the Latin pietas, due esteem of superiors, whether human or Divine, while deocr^^eia is restricted to God as its ol>ject. However, in the NT €v<T€^€ia always has reference to God' (J. H. Bernard, The Pastoral Epistles [Camb. Greek Test., 1899], p. 39 f.).
It will be seen from the above references that the word eua^jSeia [deoai^eia) is particularly character- istic of the Pastoral Epistles. H. J. Holtzmann speaks of the idea represented by it as one of tlie most individual ideas of these letters, and points out that its appearance in them (cf. also evcre^Qs ^Tjp [2 Ti 3'-, Tit 2'-]) is connected with the recession of tlie one-sidedly religious interest of the great Pauline Epistles (Gal., Rom., 1 and 2 Cor.), and the coming to the front of an ethical conception of the business of life (see his NT Theol.^, Tubing- en, 1911, ii. 306). In the original Paulinism the supreme stress lies on the religious relation to God, and the central idea is that of justification by faith ; wliile the ethical note is struck only in the second place, and in connexion with the peculiar Pauline mysticism. The Christian united to Christ in His Death and Resurrection is a new man, and must accordingly live as such. In the Pastoral Epistles, liowever, it is justification by faith and the specifi- cally religious relation to God which are in the background ; while the ethical demand of Christi- anity comes to the front in connexion with a fresh idea — that of adhesion to the Church, its doctrine and practice. It is just this latter point of view as a whole which is summed up in the word evai^eia. ' It is above all significant of the tendency of our epistles, that this conception serves to gather up in one both of these lines, in which the entire thought and effort of the author moves, viz. the ecclesiastical and the practical character of the type of religion recommended by him ' (Holtzmann, loc. cit.). On the one hand, therefore, godliness, as adhesion to the Church, appears as guaranteeing true doctrine (the teaching which is according to godliness [1 Ti 6^], the knowledge of the truth which is according to godliness [Tit P], the mystery of godliness [1 Ti 3'^] ; cf. Ap. Const, iii. 5 : Karri- Xe1crdaira.Tris evaejSeias 56yixaTa). On the other hand, godliness evidences itself in good works and a life without reproach (1 Ti 2^ 4''). It is in fact because of the practical and ethical character of Christian- ity that its doctrine in opposition to the heretical speculations of Gnosis is sound speech (Tit 2**), sound teaching (1 Ti l^", 2 Ti 4^, Tit 19 2^), sound words (1 Ti 6^ 2 Ti l'^) ; cf. 'to be sound in the faith ' (Tit 1'^ 2-). On all this see Holtzmann, op. cit. Holtzmann, of course, does not accept the Pauline authorship of the Pastoral Epistles. Bernard, who does, says that the group of words connected with evae^eia was within St. Paul's sphere of knowledge, as they are all found in the LXX and are common in Greek literature ; as a matter of fact, too, St. Paul uses the corresponding forms dai^aa and do-e/S^y in Romans. ' But why he should not have
used them before and yet should use them so often in these latest letters is among the unsolved prob- lems of the phraseology of the Pastorals, although corresponding literary phenomena have been often observed ' [oj). cit. p. 39). The problem created by the use of these words is, however, only a part of the larger problem of the whole change in thought and atmosphere which has taken place between the ' Hauptbriefe' and the Pastoral Epistles (see the writer's Man, Sin, and Salvation, London, 1908, pp. 137-140).