The eighteenth century brought Augustin Calmet's Disser- tation sur les Evangiles apocryphes in his ' Commentaire," Paris, 1709-16, vol. vii. ; Jeremiah Jones' Sew and Full Method of Settling the Canonical Authority of the Neiv Testament, London, 1726-27 (written on the basis of Fabricius, along apologetic lines); and J. F. Kleuker's similar Ueber die Apokryphen des NT, Hamburg, 1798 ; followed in the nine- teenth century by Arens' essay de Evang. apoc. in canonicis HSU historico, critico, exegetico, Gottiiigen, 1835 ; K. F. Borberg's Bibliothek der neutestamentlichen Apokryphen, gesammelt, vebersetzt, vnd erldutert, Stuttgart, 1841 ; J. Pons (de N6gr6pelisse), liecherches sur les Apocryphes du Noureau Testament {th&se historique et critique), ilontauban, 1850 ; and * R. Clemens' Die geheimgehaltenen oder sng. apokryphen Evangelien, Stuttgart, 1850 (volume of German translations). A French tr. of Thilo was issued in 1848 by G. Brunei {Les Evangiles apocryphes", Paris, 1863), and a poor English compila- tion, based on Fabricius, Thilo, etc., was published four years later by J. A. Giles {Codex Apocryphus Sovi Testamenti, London). W. Hone's worthless and unworthy Apocryphal AT, London, 1820, included the Protevangelium Jacobi. Useful volumes of English t translations were published, however, by A. Walker (in the Ante-yicene Chr. Lib., xvi. [Edinburgh, isi'3]); B. H. Cowper (The Apoc. Gospels, London, 1867, ■'1874); and B. Pick (Faralipomena : Remains of Gospels and Sayings of Christ, Chicago, 1908). Two French treatises overshadowed nny English criticism during this period, one a critical study by M. Nicolas (A'iMde.s sur les ivanjiles apocryphes, Paris, 1865); the ojher a Roman Catholic counterpart by Joseph Variot {Les Evangiles apocryphes, Paris, 1878).
In W. Wright's Contributions to the Apocryphal Literature of the New Testanunt, London, 1865, Syriac versions of the Protevangeliinn Jacobi(a fragment)and the Gospel of Thomas the Israelite were published and translated with notes. Otherwise, the main contributions to the subject during the last century were monographs upon special points and aspects, like P. J. Peltzer's Ilistorische und dogmenhistorische Elemente in den apok. Kindheits - Evangelien, Wurzburg, 1864 ; A. Tappehorn's Ausserbiblische Sachrichten, oder die Apokryphen iiber die Geburt, Kindheit und das Lebensende Jesu und Maria, Pader- born, 1885; and J. Haver's Die apokry phischen Evangelien, auch ein Beweis filr die Glaubwiirdigkeit der kanonischen, Halberstadt, 1898-99;: with S. Baring-Gould's Lost and Hostile Gospels, London, 1874, p. 119f. ; J. Chrzaszcz's Die apokryphen Evangelien, insbesondere das Erangeliuni secun- dum Bebrceos, Gleiwitz, 1888; and C. Bost's Les Evangiles apocryphes de I'enfance de J.-C. avec une introduction sur les recits de Matthieu et de Luc, Montauban, 1894.
The older monographs upon their relation to the sources for the life of Jesus, by R. Hofmann {Das Leben Jesu nach den Apokryphen, Leipzig, 1851); J. de Q. Donehoo {Apoc. and Legendary Life of Christ, London, 1903); and L. Couard {Altchristl. Sagen iiber das Leben Jesu, Giitersloh, 1905) have been largely superseded by the exhaustive work of W. Bauer {Das Leben Jesu im Zeitalter der neiitest. Apokryphen, Tubin- gen, 1909).
An excellent survey of recent Oriental discoveries and dis- cussions in this field is given in Felix Haase's Literarische Untersuchungen zur orientalisch-apokrypken Evangelien- literatur, Leipzig, 1913 ; the Slavonic versions are chronicled by E. Kozak in JPTh, 1892, p. 127 f., as well as by Bon- wetsch in Harnack's Altchristl. Litt. i. [Leipzig, 1893], p. 907 f. The principal general articles on the subject are by G. Brunet in Jligne's Diet, des Apocrvphes, i. [1856] 961 f. ; R. A. Lipsius in DCB ii. [ISSO] 700-17 ; B. F. Westcott, Introd. to Study of the Gospels^, London, 1S81, p. 466 f. ; Movers in Wetzer- Welte2, i. [1882] 1036-84; T. 2ahn, Gesch. des Eanons, ii. [Leipzig,
* Tischendorf's prize essay, De Evangeliorum Apocryphorum origine et usu, appeared in iS51 ; Hilgenfeld's serviceable Evan- gelium sec. Hebrceos, etc., in 1866.
t C. J. Ellicott's ' Dissertation on the Apocryphal Gospels' in Cambridge Essays, 1856, is apologetic.
I A translation of the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy, with notes.
1892] 621-97 ; A. Harnack, op. cit. i. 4-25, ii. 1. 589 f. ; R. Hof- mann, in PRE^ i. [1896] 653 f. (Eng.tr. i. [1908] 225-29); M. R. James in EBi i. [1899] 258-69 ; Batiffol, in Vigouroux's Diet, de la Bible, ii. [1899] 2114-18; A. Ehrhard, Altchristl. Lit., Frei- burg i. B., 1900, pp. 123-47; O. Bardenhewer, Gesch. der altkirchl. Lit.\ L [do. 1913] § 31 ; J. G. Tasker in UDB v. [1904] 420-38; A. F. Findlay in DCG\. [1906] 671-85; J. Leipoldt, Gesch. des neutest. Kanons, i. [Leipzig, 1907] § 21 ; R. Knopf in RGG i. [1908-09] 543 £f. ; H. Jordan, Gesch. der altchristl. Lit., Leipzig, 1911, pp. 74-78; H. Waitz, in PRE^ xxxii. [1913] 79-93 ; and L. St. A. WeUs, in ERE vi. [1913] 346-352. The discussions of Lipsius, Zahn, and Harnack are most important, together with the criticisms of Tasker andWaitz. In several NT Introductions the uncanonical Gospels are included, especially by F. Bleek {Einleitung in das NT*, Berlin, 1886, p. 406 f.) ; G. Salmon {Introd. to the NT9, London, 1899, pp. x-xi) ; and J. E. Belser {Einleitung in das NT, Freiburg i. B., 1905, p. 789 f.); there is a chapter on them in E. Renan's L'Eglise chretienne, Paris, 1879, ch. xxvi., as well as in F. C. Burkitt's Gospel Hist, and its Transmission, Edinburgh, 1906, p. 324 f. ; and a recent Spanish monograph by E. C. Carillo {Los Evangelios Ap6crifos, Paris, 1913); also the relevant paragraphs in Resch's Agrapha {TU v. 4, Leipzig, 1889) and in Histories of Christian literature, e.g. C. T. Cruttwell's lAt. Hist, of Early Christianitu, London, 1893, \. 160-174; G. Kriiger's Altchristl. Litt."^, Freiburg, 1898, §16; and P. Wendland's Die urchristl. Literaturformen'^, Ttibingen' 1912, pp. 292-301.