AV. F. Boyd. GUARD.— (1) In Ac 523, 126. 19 the AV renders ^i^Xa/ces ' keepers,' whicli the RV retains in the former passage, where the watchmen are Jewish,
but changes into 'guards' in the latter, where they are Koman, Arrested by the high priest Annas, and put ' in public ward' (Ac 5^^ : ^f r-qp-qaei. 5r]/j.oaig.), Peter and John were not chained ; their keepers merely shut the prison-house (Seo-yuwnjptoi') and stood on guard outside. But when St. Peter was arrested by Herod Agrippa, and imprisoned in the fortress of Antonia or the adjoining barracks, he was chained to two soldiers, while other two kept watch at the door of the prison {(pvXaKri, Vulg. career). The station of the latter two was appar- ently 'the first ward' (^uXa/c^, Vulg. cxistodia), which the prisoner had to pass before he could eiiect his escape. The four soldiers together made a quaternion {TeTp6.5i.ov), and four such bodies of armed men were told off to mount guard in suc- cession during the four watches into which, in Roman fashion, the night was divided.
(2) The above-named Agiippa himself, having incurred the displeasure of Tiberius, once had the experience of being chained as a prisoner for six months to soldiers of the Imperial bodyguard in Rome. It was fortunate for him that the Emperor's sister-in-law Antonia, who used her influence with Macro, the prcefectus pi-oetorio, ' procured that the soldiers who kept him should be of a gentle nature, and that the centurion who was over them, and was to diet with him, should be of the same disposition' (Jos. Ant. xvill. vi. 7). Tiberius' death restored him to liberty, and Cali- gula consoled him with the gift of a chain of gold, equal in weight to the one of iron which he had worn (ib. vi. 10).
(3) To another such iron chain, which coupled St. Paul to one soldier after another of the same Imperial guard, allusion is made in each of the Captivity Epistles. Thanks to the favourable report given by the centurion Junius on handing over his charge to the prsefect of the Pr£Etorians, St. Paul probably received better treatment than an ordinary prisoner ; but the fact remained that in his own hired house he was the 5ia-fj.ios of Christ Jesus, always wearing galling ' bonds ' {dea-fiol, Ph 17. 13. 14. 16^ Col 4i8^.piiiieni i»- 1^, 2 Ti 2^), called also a ' chain ' (fiXvcrts, Eph 6-», 2 Ti 1^% Great good, however, resulted from his imprisonment; for through the frequent relief of the guard, and the Apostle's skill in changing an enforced fellowship with armed men into a spiritual communion, the real significance of his bonds — their relation to his faith in Christ — gradually became known among all 'the PrjBtorians,' the finest regiment of the Roman army (Ph l^^. i3)_ -phe arguments for this interpretation of the word vpaiTuipiov are fully stated by Lightfoot, Philippians^, 1878, p. 99 f. Other possible explanations will be found under Palace.
In the Republican days the cohors prcetoria, or cohortes prcBtorice, formed the bodyguard of the -praetor or proprietor, who was governor of a province with military powers. Under the Empire the Praetorians came to be the Imperial body- guard, which, as constituted by Augustus, was made up of nine coliorts, each of a thousand picked men. They were distinguished from otlier legion- aries by shorter service and double pay, and on discharge they received a generous bounty or grant of land. Tiberius concentrated the force in a strongly fortified camp to the east of Rome, on a rectangle of 39 acres, where the modern Italian army also has barracks. One cohort, wearing civilian garb, was always stationed at the Emperor's house on the Palatine ; others were often sent to foreign service. The Praetorians were under a prcefectus prcetorio, or more often two, sometimes even three prcefecti. These were originally soldiers, but ultimately the office was mostly filled by lawyers, whose duty it was to
GUARDIAN"
HAGAR
519
relieve the Emperor in certain kinds of civil and criminal jurisdiction. One of Trajan's rescripts to Pliny {Ep. 57) indicates that the pi'oper course to take with a certain Bithynian prisoner is to hand him over in chains 'ad prtefectos prsetorii mei,' and the case seems to be parallel to that of the Apostle, who m.ade an appeal unto Ctesar (Ac 25"- 2>), James Strahan.
GUARDIAN.— See Tutor.
GUARDIAN ANGELS.— See Angels.
GUILE. — Guile is the usual translation of 56\os (Lat. dolus), which meant hrst ' a bait for fish ' [Od. xii. 252), and then, in the abstract, 'wile,' 'craft,' ' deceit.' Guile is traced to the workings of that ' abandoned mind ' which is itself the punishment, natural and in a sense automatic, of those who reject God (Ro \^). The guile which character- ized Jacob the Jew as well as Ulysses the Greek was indeed often admired as a national trait by which duller races could be outwitted. But it is one of the unmistakable marks of a Christian convert that he puts away all guile, and, like a new-born babe, desires the milk that is without guile {Q.5o\ov ydXa, 1 P 2^). Henceforth he refrains his lips that they speak no guile (3^"). People who
are themselves guileful find it difficult to believe that anybody can be disinterested, and St. Paul the Apostle (like many a modern missionary) was often suj^posed to be cunningly seeking some personal ends. ' Being crafty, I caught them with guile ' (2 Co 1218), jg g, sentence in which he catches up some wiseacre's criticism of his actions, and gives it a new turn. His own conscience was clear ; his ' guile ' as a soul-winner was not only innocent but praiseworthy. His exhortation (7rapd/c\7?<rty, ' evangelical preaching') was not of error nor (in any bad sense) in guile (1 Th 2^) ; he was neither de- ceived nor deceiver, neither fool nor knave. But he had not infrequently encountered men of the latter type. Bar-Jesus the Magian, who tried to under- mine his influence at the court of Sergius Paulus (Ac IS'^), was actuated by a mad jealousy, realizing as he did that the position which he had skilfully won was fast becoming insecure. Driven to his wits' end, and seeing that exposure was imminent, he felt the ground shaking beneath his feet. His punishment had a Dantesque appropriateness. ' Full of all guile,' he was yet made a spectacle of pitiful impotence : 'there fell on him a mist and a darkness, and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand ' (IS'"' "). JAMES Strahah.