On the whole, the least unsatisfactory explana- tion of the evidence, with all its difficulties and complexities, is the hypothesis tiiat the Apostle did spend some years of his later life in Epliesus, where he became the hero of many traditions which belonged of right to another or to others.
5. The Fourth Gospel. — The use which may be made of the Fourth Gospel as a source of informa- tion about the sons of Zebedee depends on ques- tions of authorship which cannot be discussed in this article. They are never mentioned by name in tiie (iospel, and only once in the Appendix (21-). Probably the author of this Ajjpendix identified the ' disciple whom Jesus loved ' with the younger son of Zebedee, and not with one of the &\\oi dvo, unless indeed he intends to introduce a new-comer in V.20. He certainly identifies the loved disciple with the autlior of the Gospel (v.^'*, if this verse comes from his pen). The natural interpretation of 19^ distinguishes between the author and that disciple, if tiie ' witness' of that verse is to be iden- tified with the loved disciple. The only other definite references to the disciple Avhom Jesus loved are 19-'* ('Behold thy son') and 13-'^ (the un- masking of the Traitor). The customary identifi- cation of him Avith the dXXos fiad-qr-q^ of 18'^^- (known to the high priest who gained admission for Peter into tlie avXi)) and of 20^^- (who went with Peter to the Tomb), is probable but not necessary. He is usually found in the other disciple of the Baptist, who at his suggestion followed Jesus (F'). The phrase tov d5i\(p6v tov idLov li/xuiva cannot l)e pressed to indicate this. In the Greek of the period i8los is hardly more than synonymous with tiie posses- sive pronoun. And the natural interpretation of the jiassage is that Andrew Jirsi finds liis (own) brother Simon, and next day, when wishing to return home to Galilee, IMiilip, to whom Jesus saj's, ' Follow me.' At the same time the whole story of Jesus' first meeting with the disciples who came over to Him from John contains much which is difficult to explain (see, however, M. Dibelius, Die urchristl. UberHeferunfi von Johannes d. Taiifer in FovHchxinqen zur Religion unci Littcrntnr lies alten tend vmien Testaments, GotLingen, 1911, p. 106 ffi) as ajjologetic invention. It suggests the recollection of early and treasured experiences, and gives a wholly prol)able account of the rela- tions Vjetween Jesus and John, and the undoubted connexion between the two, to which the Synop-
tists bear witness, though other and later elements in the story are abundantly clear.
On the whole, though the pre-eminence of John in the Synoptic account is hardly such that he must have appeared in the Fourth Gospel, if he were not the author, yet the facts of tlie Gospel and the traditions of later times about it are most easily explained by tlie view that ' behind the Gospel stands the Son of Zebedee ' (see Harnack, Chronologie).
Literature. — In addition to the ordinary Commentaries on the Synoptic and Fourth Gospels, the following books and articles may be mentioned: T. Zahn, Introduciioii to the NT, Ensr. tr., London, 1909; C. Clemen, Die Enti<teliung des J uhannesevanael irimsi, Halle, 1912 ; J. B. Mayor, art. 'James' in i/ZV/J (where the usual references will be found for the legendarj- history of St. James in Spain); P. W. Schmiedel, art. 'John, Son of Zebedee,' in EBi; B. W. Bacon, The Funrth Gospel in Research ami Debate, London, 1910 ; J. Reville, Le Quatrieme EvaiuiUe, Paris, 1901 ; E. Schwartz, Ueber den Tod der Sbhne Zebedcei (AGG, new ser. vii. .=i), Berlin, 1904, also art. 'Johannes und Kerinthos,' in ZSTiV, xv. [1914]; W. Heitmiiller, 'Zur Johannes-Tradition,' ??;.
A. E. Brooke. JAMES, THE LORD'S BROTHER.-In Mk 6^
(II Mt 13'^) James is mentioned first, j^resumably as the eldest, among the brethren of Jesus. In Mk S^i-siff- (iiMt 12-'"-, Lk 8"*'-) we hear of an at- tempt on the part of Jesus' mother and His brethren to restrain Him as being ' beside himself.' In Jn 7* we are told that ' his brethren did not believe on him.' In 1 Co 15'', however, St. Paul mentions an appearance of the risen Jesus to James.
According to the curious story which Jerome (de Vir. Illustr. ii.) quotes from the Gospel of tlie Hebrews, James (represented as present at the Last Siijiper) had vowed not to eat until he should see Jesus risen from the dead. Jesus accordin;j;ly ap- peared to him first and took bread and blessed and brake, saying-, ' My brother, eat thy bread, for the Son of Man is risen from them that sleep.'
In Gal P" we find James closely associated with the apostles at Jerusalem, and in Gal 2" we hear how those who were ' accounted pillars ' — James and Cephas and John — Avished God-speed to Paul and Barnabas in tlieir mission to the Gentiles. There is perhaps a hint of irritation in St. Paul's reference, a few verses earlier, to those ' who were accounted somewhat' (2"), as though the accord had not been reached without some difficulty, and in v.^^ we find that St. Peter's vacillation in the matter of intercourse with the Gentiles is at- tributed to tlie fear of certain who came ' from James,' though it does not follow that they repre- sented his attitude. In Acts, James always ap- pears as a leader. St. Peter sends the news of his escape 'to James and the brethren' (12^^). At the Apostolic Conference he sums up tlie discus- sion, proposes a policj', and apparently drafts the decree (15^^'-^). In 21'*^- he receives St. Paul at the close of his Third Missionary journey, and, it is implied, approves the fateful proposal designed to conciliate the legalist Christians.