* TeVcropa? Kal £e'«a (Niese) ; Whiston reads 'toxty' {BJ v, iv. 3).
^\ Tomb of
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JERUSALEM
in the /iposto/ic /7de
^^ S Stephen's Church
Pseph
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S. James i
Virgin's I . .
Fountain (SotomopS Pool)
i:
Man. ot ~ - ' "Mn^nus
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Fountain (BirEyyub)
-2 2640feec = ^Mlle
636
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
as speaking of * a new construction necessitated by the growth of the new suburb on the north- western hiir (The Story of Jerusalem, p. 85). The Second Wall is usually identihed with the North Wall of Neheraiah (Smith, Jerusalem, i. 204). In the opinion of Smith ' we do not know how the Second Wall ran from the First to the Tyropceon ; we do not know wliether it ran inside or outside the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre' [ib. p. 249). Wilson also leaves the question open [Golgotha, p. 137).
(c) Third Wall. — As already noted, the line of the Third Wall is bound up with the question of the line of the Second Wall. Following Robinson, both Merrill [Ancient Jerusalem, eh, xxiv. ) and Paton [Jerusalem in Bible Times, pp. 111-115) place it a considerable distance N. of the modern city wall. Most other students of the subject are content to accept the present North Wall as marking the site of the Third or Agrippa's Wall. Conder [The City of Jerusalem, pp. 162-166) occu- pies an intermediate position, giving a noi'therly extension beyond the present limits only on the side W. of the Damascus Gate. The wall was commenced about A.D. 41 on a colossal plan ; but, suspicion having been aroused, operations had to be suspended by order of Claudius. The wall was hurriedly completed before the days of the siege. The main purpose of the Third Wall was to enclose within the fortified area of the city the new suburb of Bezetha, which had grown up since Herod the Great's time on the ridge N. of the Temple and Antonia. Tiie most conspicuous feature on the wall was the Tower of Psephinus at the N.W. corner, which is named in conjunction with the three great towers of Herod, and may have existed at an earlier time (Smith, Jerusalem, ii. 487), being also the work of Herod [EBi ii. 2428). The W. extremity of the wall was at Hippicus ; the N.W. point at Psephinus ; the N. E. point, according to Josephus, at the Tower of the Corner, opposite the ' Monument of the Fuller' ; and the E. extremity at the old wall in the Kidron Valley, i.e. the N.E. point of the Temple enclosure. Merrill's view [Anc. Jerus., pp. 44, 51) is that the line of this wall in its southerly trend would cut the line of the present wall a little E. of Herod's Gate ; in other words, the present N.E. corner of the city was not within the walls of Jerusalem before its destruction by Titus. This view has much to com- mend it, although it is not admitted by those who advocate that the Third Wall followed the line of the present wall in its entire course (Smith, Jeru- salem, i. 245 )X. ).
ii. Temple Walls. — The remainder of the peri- meter of the outer wall of Jerusalem was made up by the E. wall of the Temple, which in Herod's time coincided with the city wall (Smith, Jerusa- lem, i. 234 f.). The enclosure of the sanctuary did not, however, extend so far N. as it does to-day. Warren's Scarp, as it is called, marks the N. limit of the outer court of Herod's temple [ExpT xx. [1908-09] 66). This would cut the E. wall only slightly N. of the present Golden Gate. An ex- tension to the N. was perhaps made by Agrippa I. (Smith, Jerusalem, i. 237 f.), but even then the N. boundary must have fallen considerably short of the present wall. The fore-court of Antonia must therefore have i)rojected some distance into the present ^aram area, and the rock on which the castle stood, while scarped on the other three sides, must on the S. have formed part of the same ridge as that on which the Tem])le lay. The N. Temjile area wall presumably joined this rock, while the W. Temple area wall started from the S.W. point i)f the fore-court of Antonia and ran S. to meet 'he S. wall lower down the Tyropceon Valley. Examination of the rock levels has proved that
the S.W. corner of the Temple area is ujjon the far side of the valley, i.e. upon the S.W. Hill.
A proper understanding of this complex of walls is essential to an appreciation of Josephus"s narra- tive of the siege of A. D. 70, which in turn gives the key to the whole situation within Jerusalem in the time of the apostles. The city was fortified in virtue of its complete circuit of walls. When the most northerly wall was breached it still was fortified by the second N. wall and all that re- mained. ^V'hen the second wall was taken, access was given to the commercial suburb [irpodaTeiov] in the Upper Tyropceon Valley. Antonia formed a fortress by itself, likewise the Temple both in its outer court and in the inner sanctuary. After the Temple was taken tiie way was open to the ' Lower City' and the Akra, which is almost synonymous with the 'Lower City,' i.e. the Lower Tyropceon Valley from the First Wall to the Pool of Siloam together with the S.E. Hill, of Avhich Ophlas formed a part. Lastly, the S.W. Hill, on which stood the 'Upper City' with the 'Upper Agora,' was completely fortified, and doubtless the Palace of Herod at the N.W. corner of the ' Upper City' also was a strong place within four walls, with the three great towers upon the N. side.