[d) The position of James, the Lord^s brother. — More than any of the Twelve, who at first were so prominent, is James, the Lord's brother, associated with tiie Church in Jerusalem. He appears sud- denly in Acts as possessed of authority equal to that of the greatest of the apostles, and at the Council he occupies the position of president. When St. Paul visited the city for the last time he reported himself to James and the elders. From extracts of Hegesippus preserved by Eusebius, and from Eusebius himself, we learn that James owed his outstanding position to his personal worth, as also to his relationship to Jesus, and it seems evident that he was the leading representative of Judaistic Christianity, of that section which by its adherence to the Law and the Temple was able to maintain itself in Jerusalem after others, even the chief apostles, had been compelled to leave the city. But James also suffered martyrdom (see above, 2, iv. (e)). He was followed by his cousin Symeon, whom Hegesippus (Euseb.) styles 'second bislioj).'
There is great diversity of opinion as to when thia appointment was made (Wilson, Golgotha, p. 55 n.). The datj of his death is placed c. A.D. 107. As Eusebiiis learned that until the siege of Hadrian (A.D. 13.5) there were Hfteen bishops, all said to be of Hebrew descent [HE iv. v. 2), the tradition is hard to believe. Harnack thinks that relatives of Jesus or presbyters may be included in the number [Mission and Expansion^, ii. 97).
(e) Effect of the Fall of Jerusalem tipon the Church there.— T\\Q final destruction of the city in A.D. 70 is generally regarded as crucial not only for the Jews but also for the Christians, not because the latter were present at the time, but because there had perforce to be a severance from the former ways now that the Temple had ceased to be. But the importance of this event has been over-rated (A. C. McGiffert, The Apostolic Age, p. 546). As regards the Church Catholic, the centre, or centres, had already been moved, while the local church, which escaped the terrors of the siege, was small, tending indeed to extinction. Tlie Church in ^lia Capitolina was Gentile-Christian, with Mark as first bishop. It fashioned for itself a new Zion, on the S.W. Hill ; and when in the 3rd cent. Jerusalem became a resort of pilgrims, the ' sacred sites ' did not include the Temple area, the Jewish Zion, which indeed was regarded by the Christians ' with an aversion which is really remarkable, and which increased as years passed by ' (Watson, Jeru- salem, p. 119).
Literature. — (a) Contemporari/ authorities and Patristic toorks are frequently cited in the article, and need not be repeated. — (6) Dictionary articles are numerous: HDB, SDB, DCG, EBi, JE, etc. — (c) Of topofiraphicai works those found of most service are : C. W. Wilson, Golgotha and the Holy Septilchre, London, 1906 ; G. A. Smith, Jermalem, do. 1907-08 ; L. B. Paton, Jeritsalein in Bible Times, Chicago and London, 1908 ; C. R. Conder, The City of Jer^isalem, London, 1909 ; S. Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, liOndon and New York, 1008 ; C. M. Watson, I'he Story of Jerusalem, do. 1912 ; F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem, 189A-97, London, 1898 ; W. Sanday and P. Waterhouse, Sacred Sites of the Oospels, Oxford, 1903. Other worics not already cited : K. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria, Leipzig, 1912, pp. 19-90 ; F. Buhl, Geog. des alien Palcistina, Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896, pp. 144-154; H. Vincent, Jerusalem, antique, Paris, 1913 flf. — (d) Historical works : E. Schiirer, HJP, Edinburgh, 1885-91 ; A. C. McGiffert, A History of Christianity in the Apostolio Age, do. 1S97, pp. 36-9."?, 54'9-5'68 ; C. von Weizsacker, The Apostolic Age of the Christian Church"^, Eng. tr., London, 1897- 98, bk. i. clis. i.-iv., bk. ii. ch. iii., bk. iv. ch. i., bk. v. ch. ii. ; A. Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries'^, Eng. tr., do. 1908, i. 44-64, 182-184, ii. 97-99, The Constitution and Law of the Church in the First Two Centuries, Eng. tr., do. 1910, pp. 1-39.
W. Cruickshank. JESSE ['leffffal). — Jesse is mentioned in Ac 13^^ and Ro 15'^ as the father of David.
JESTING [evrpaireXla, Eph 5^).— That the Greek word is used in an unfavourable sense is shown by its association with 'filthiness' and 'foolish talk- ing,' as well as by its characterization as 'not be- fitting.' But in itself (being derived from ev, ' well,' and rpiiru, ' I turn ') it was morally neutral, and originally it had a good sense. ' On the subject of pleasantness in sport,' says Aristotle [Eth. Nic. II. vii. 13), ' he who is in the mean is a man of grace- ful wit, and the disposition graceful wit [evrpaweXla) ; the excess ribaldry, and the person ribald ; he who is in defect a clown, and the habit clownislmess.' And again (IV. viii. 3), 'Those who neither say anything laughable themselves, nor approve of it in otiiers, appear to be clownish and harsh, but those who are sportive with good taste are called eiiTpdireXoi, as possessing versatility,' etc. This was a ciiaracteristic of the Athenians, whom Pericles praised as 'qualified to act in the most varied ways and with the most graceful versatility ' [evrpa- TrAcos [Thuc. ii. 41]). Aristotle admits that even 'biiU'oons are called men of graceful wit' [evrpd- TreXoi), but questions their right to the term (IV