6. Only one other jioint, and that of minor im- portance, remains to be noted. Not a few early Christian writers speak of a descent of Christ into Hades and a preaching to the dead. In 1 P 3'®^- it is the disobedient of the days of Noah to whom Christ brings the message of salvation ; in Irenajus (IV. xxvii. 2) it is the Patriarchs ; in Marcion (Iren. I. xxvii. 3) it is Cain, the Sodomites, Egyptians, and other heathen. It is improbable that this con- ception was a creation of the Church ; rather have we to think of the adoption and Christianizing of a current pagan myth of a saviour-god descending into the lander world to wrest the sceptre from its powers. The mythological details are stripped off, and Christ's mission becomes one of preaching to those from whom in their lifetime the gospel had been withheld. Also from the ranks of the dead Christ will win His trophies. Judged according to men in the Hesh, tliej' will live according to God in the Si)irit (1 P 4'*) (see W. Bousset, Kyrios Christos, 1913, p. 32 ff"). See, further, art. Descent into Hades.
LiTERATi'RB. — R. H. Charlcs, Eschatology : Hebrew, Jem'sh, ayid Christian, ISOO ; P. Volz, Jiid. Eschatologie von Daniel bis Akiba, 190.i ; A. lia.rna.ck, Bistory o/ Dogma, Eng. tr., i. [1894] and ii. [1S96]. W. MORGAN.
JUDGMENT-HALL.— In ancient times justice was dispensed in the open, usually in the market- place, near the city gate. With the development of civic life, however, special courts of justice began to be built. Tiius Solomon had his ' throne- room' or portico erected within the complex of his palace buildings (1 K 7"), where justice continued to be administered no doubt till the latest period of the Monarchy. The Sanhedrin also convened for judgment in the ' Hall of Hewn Stone' on the south side of the great court of the Temple. In Rome, too, the Imperial Age saw the law-courts transferred to basiMcce, or open colonnades near the Forum, and finally to closed halls, where cases were heard in secret (in seeretario). The adminis- tration of justice in basilicce has been traced to Pompeii and other centres of Roman life, but was apparently not the custom in Palestine, the word translated 'judgment hall' in the AV (Jn 18-^-** 19**, Ac 23*^) being really irpai.Tuipiov or palace,.
A. R. Gordon.
JUDGMENT-SEAT.— The judge invariably sat on a special 'seat' or throne. Thus Jerusalem and the smaller cities alike had their ' thrones for judgement' (Jg 45, 1 K 7', Ps 1225, etc.). In Rome magistrate and jury were seated together on the raised tribunal, or 'bench,' the magistrate on his sella curulis, or 'chariot seat,' specially associated with the Roman imperiwn. The custom extended also to the l*rovinces. In the NT Kpir-qpLa ('tri- bunals ') is used of law-courts generally (in 1 Co 6'-- * and Ja 2"), while ^Tjfj.a, lit. ' step,' ' seat ' (for
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parties in a law-suit), is applied to the 'judg- ment-seat' not only of the Emperor (Ac 25"*), but also of the -overnors Pilate (Mt 27^^ Jn 19'^), Gallio (Ac IS'--^***-) and Festus (2.i'^- ^'), and even metaphorically of God (Ro 14'") and Christ (2 Co 5'"). See, further, Trial-at-Law.
A. R. Gordon.
JULIA ('lov\ta, Ro 16'^ a Latin name, the femi- nine form of Julius [the name of a famous Roman gens]. Both of these were extremely common names. The name .Julia is very frequently found as a name of female slaves belonging to the Ln- perial household).— A woman saluted by St. Paul and coupled with Philologus. They may have been brother and sister, or more probably husband and. wife. Other couples saluted in Ro 16 are Aquila and Prisca (v.^, the order being, however, ' Prisca and Aquila'), perhaps Andronicus and Junia (v.'^ ; see JuNlAS), and Nei-eus and his sister (v. ^5). It has been conjectured that the names in this verse are those of persons forming a Christian family with a household church (/cat tovs <tvv avroh TrdfTtts aylovs). If this be so, Philologus and Julia were perhaps the parents of Nereus and iiis sister (Nerias) and Olympas, and the leaders of tiie little community which gathered for worship at their home (cf. v.^, where a married couple are sainted as ' fellow-lai)onrers ' with the Ajjostle, and the salu- tation includes ' the church whicli assembles at their house'). The locality to which we assign tiiis circle of Christians will depend upon our view of the destination of Ro 16''^'-". Nothing further is known of any of these persons.
T. B. Allworthy.
JULIUS (lovXios). — After the decision of Festus to send St. Paul to Rome, he was entrusted to the cai'e of a ' centurion named Julius of the Augustan cohort ' (Ac 27^'^). The Apostle was treated with kindness and consideration by the centurion, who, although he disregarded St. Pauls advice as to the place of wintering (vv.^"''), deferred to his recommendation regarding cutting away the boat (v.^'), and, in order to save him, refused to allow the soldiers to kill the prisoners (v.'*-). On arriv- ing in Rome Julius handed over his prisoner to tiie ' captain of the guard' (28'^). Much discussion has gathered round the phrase 'Augustan cohort' to which Julius belonged. Ramsay regards it as probable that Julius belonged to the corps of official couriers, emploj'ed as emissaries to various parts of the Empire — the pcregrini ; and the ' captain of tiie guard ' is supposed to have been their commanding officer (see artt. BAND, AUGUSTAN Band).