mm
■P"'
■^-^
1 >»: •
':;
.A *.
:•*
$3i
«5 J
fl^is
PJI
•^x*>:
M
'•. ..!i1 l-^fll
^•j^&wy
'"f^x
%^f<
«fcMi«*
«^r
^f&S
/ rm
\ mm* ^
PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON
CYCLOPEDIA
BIBLICAL,
THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
PREPARED BY
THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D.,
AND
JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. I.— A, B. WARD C HAu
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
18 80.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.
P E E F A C E.
This work was commenced in 1853. From that time to this, the editors have been engaged, with the aid of several regular collaborators, and of numerous contributors of special articles, in its preparation.
The aim of the work is to furnish a book of reference on all the topics of the science of Theology, in its widest sense, under one alphabet. It includes, there- fore, not only articles on the Bible and its literature, but also upon all the subjects belonging to Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. There is no Dictionary in the English language which seeks to cover the same ground, except upon a com- paratively small scale. The Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge, published sev- eral years since, under the supervision of the Rev. J. Newton Brown, is, indeed, quite comprehensive in its aim ; but, as it is confined to a single volume, it could not give full treatment to the vast range of topics embraced in its plan. Besides this, there is but one other attempt in English at a comprehensive Dictionary of Theology, and that, unfortunately, remains incomplete. We refer to the translation of Herzog's Real-Encyklopadie, commenced in 1856 by the Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., the publication of which was suspended during the war.*
In the preparation of this Cyclopaedia, Dr. Strong has had exclusive charge of the department of Biblical literature, and for the articles in that field he is responsible. Twenty years ago, before the publication of Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Litera- ture, the student of the Bible had no better Dictionary to consult than the various re- censions of Calmet. The great work of Dr. Kitto brought together the results of the critical labors of the preceding century, in which Biblical literature had become substantially a new science. Notwithstanding many and grave defects, Kitto's Cy- dopaidia gave a new impulse to Biblical studies, and supplied a want almost univer- sally felt. The lapse of twenty years, in which vast advances have been made in the literature of the Bible, has made a new edition necessary, and it has been well pre- pared under the editorship of Dr. Alexander. In the mean time, Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (3 vols. imp. 8vo) has been issued, on a plan somewhat similar to Kitto's Cyclopaedia. It is the aim of the present work, as a Dictionary of the Bible, to com- bine the excellences of both the great works named, and to avoid their faults. Free use is made of their matter, so far as it has been found suitable to our plan ;f but every article has been thoroughly revised, and more than half the articles on Biblical topics are entirely original, while most of the others are so in part. We acknowledge similar, though not quite so extensive obligations to Winer's Biblisches Real-wbrter- buch, a book whose discrimination and compactness are unrivalled in this branch of literature. It will be perceived that the Biblical department of this Cyclopaedia embraces many subjects and names not contained in any of these three works.
For the treatment of all the topics in Systematic, Historical, and Practical Theolo- gy, Dr. M'Clintock is responsible. In this field there has heretofore been no copi- ous Dictionary answering to the Bible Dictionaries of Kitto and Smith. The Real- Encyklopadie of Herzog, and Wetzer und Welte's Ivirchen-Zexikon, have been the fullest sources of material in this form. Besides these, all other Encyclopaedias and
* It is to be hoped that the translation of this vast repository of modern theological science may be re- sumed and completed.
t Due credit is given in, or at the end of each article, for the use made of the works cited. In some instances the above general credit to Kitto and Smith is all that could justly or conveniently be given. We have intended to reproduce all that is valuable in their works.
iv PREFACE.
Dictionaries of importance, both general and special, have been used in the prepara- tion of this work. Every article lias cither been written cle novo, or thoroughly revised, with reference to the more recent literature on each topic. Great pains have been taken with the verification of references, hut we cannot hope to have en- tirely avoided error in this, or in other points of minute detail in so vast a labor.
The whole work is of course prepared from the editors' point of view as to theolo- gv, but, ;it the same time, it is hoped, in no narrow or sectarian spirit.
The articles on the several Christian denominations have either been prepared by ministers belonging to them, or have been submitted to such ministers for examina- tion ami correction. Many of the papers on the various branches of Christian art and archaeology are written or revised by Professor George F. Comfort. Most of the articles on Bible Societies have been prepared by the Rev. Joseph Holdich, D.D. Many of the short biographical sketches of ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church are due to the Rev. George Lansing Taylor; of the German Reformed Church, to the Rev. H. Harbaugh, D.D. ; of the Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, to Mr. A. Merwix ; of the Prot. Epis Church, to Mr. TV. Major. In this department Dr. Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit have been of great service. Our thanks are due to the Rev. O. H. Tiffany, D.D., and to Mr. J. K. Johnston,' for contributions, especially in Church history and early ecclesiastical biography. Pro- fessor Alexander J. Schem and Mr. J. N. Proeschel (of Paris) have been regular collaborators throughout the work. The articles relating to Roman Catholic topics have all been prepared or revised by Professor Schem, who has also had entire charge of Church and national statistics, and of reading the proofs in all departments of the work except the Biblical Many of the articles drawn chiefly from German or French sources are due to Mr. Proeschel's careful and intelligent industry, both as compiler and translator. In succeeding volumes, articles will be found from other contribu- tors whose services were enlisted at a later period in the progress of the work than that covered in this volume.