16. A Jew of Ephesus, known only from the part he took in the uproar about Diana which was raised there by the preaching of Paul (Acts xix, 33), A.D. 54. As the inhabitants confounded the Jews and Jewish Christians, the former, apprehensive lest they might be involved in the popular commotion as oppo- nents of the prevalent idolatry, put forward Alexan- der, apparently one of their own number, and perhaps a practised speaker, to defend them from any connec- tion with the Christians (Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul, ii, 87 note) ; but his interference only inflamed the mob the more, so that he was unable in the tumult to obtain a hearing (Neander, Planting of the Church, i, 318, Edinb. ed.). Some suppose that this person is the same with "Alexander the coppersmith" of 2 Tim. iv, 14; but this is by no means probable: the name of Alexander was in those times very common among the Jews.
17. A coppersmith or brazier (mentioned in 1 Tim. i, 20; 2 Tim. iv, 14), who, with Hymenaeus and oth- ers, broached certain heresies touching the resurrec- tion, for which they were excommunicated by the Apostle Paul, A.D. 54-64. These persons, and espe- cially Alexander, appear to have maligned the faith they had forsaken and the character of the apostle. As ever}' Jew learned some trade, it has been imagined that Alexander was really a man of learning, and not an artisan, although acquainted with the brazier's craft. But we are not aware that it was usual to des- ignate a literate person by the name of the trade with which he was acquainted, although this may possibly have been the case when a man bore a name so com- mon and so undbtinguishing as that of Alexander. The supposition of some (Neander, Planting, i, 407 note), that different persons are alluded to in the two passages cited, is not the more probable one (Matthies, Pastoralbrkfe, p. 259 sq.).
Alexander I, bishop of Rome, succeeded Evaris- tus in that see 110. He ruled for eight years and five months, and is said to have suffered martyrdom under Hadrian in 119, though this is doubted (Euseb. II. E. iv, I ; hen. iv, 3). Alexander is said by some writers to have been the 6rst who directed that water should lie mixed with the wine in the Eucharist, and also to have introduced holy water; but it is the usual cus- tom of Roman Catholic writers to attribute the events of later periods to earlier ones. The epistles attrib- uted to him are spurious.
II, Tope (originally called Anselm Badagus), a na- tive of Milan. As priest of his native town, he began, about the middle of the 11th century, to preach against the marriage of the clergy. Archbishop Guido, of Milan, who sympathized with the married clergy, ob- tained for him from the Emperor Henry and the Pope Stephen II, the diocese of Lucca, in order to remove him. Anselm, however, in his new position, vigorous- \y pursued his attacks upon the married clergy, and became intimate with the leaders of the hierarchic. 1 party, Hildebrand and Petrus Damiani. On the death
I of Pope Nicholas II (10G1), Hildebrand, who was al- ready all-powerful at Rome, succeeded in elevating Anselm to the papal throne under the name of Alexan- der II. The part)1 of the count of Tusculum, in union with the married clergy, opposed to him Bishop Ca- dolous of Parma as antipope under the name of Ho- norius II, but Alexander was generally recognised in Germany by the Sj'nod of 1062. As pope, Alexander endeavored to enforce all the exorbitant pretensions of the papacy, and in this effort was supported by Hil- debrand and Damiani, who acted as his legates and
! councillors. He forbade King Henry II of Germany to divorce his wife Bertha, excommunicated the coun- cillors of the king, and summoned the latter to Rome. He died before Henry had resolved to go, April 20,
! 1073, and was succeeded hy Hildebrand under the name of Gregory VII. Forty-five of his epistles are extant {Concilia, torn, ix, p. 1115). — Neander, Ch. Hist. iii, 395-398; iv, 100; Cave, Hist. Lit. anno 1061; Wetzer and Welte, i, 154.
III, Pope (originally called Rolandus Bandinelli), a i Tuscan. In 1159 he was made pope, but was driven out
of Rome by the antipope Victor III. The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa convoked the Council of Pavia ' in 1160, in which Victor was confirmed, and Alexander j deposed and excommunicated. Alexander and his party, in their turn, excommunicated Victor and his ' abettors. Alexander was recognised bj' the kings of France, England, Spain, Sicily, Jerusalem, and Hun- ! gary ; while Victor, who claimed to have been elected ; by the clergy, the Senate, and the barons of Rome, was only recognised by Germany and Lombardy. Alexander had to flee to France, where, at a council held at Tours (1162), he declared all the ordinations made bv the antipope sacrilegious, and condemned the Albigenses as heretics. After the death of Victor, April 20, 1164, Frederick had a new antipope elected, who assumed the name of Pascal III. In 1165 Alex- ander returned to Rome, where he met with an en- thusiastic reception. Against the advancing armies of the emperor he was supported by the king of Sicily. In 1166 the Greek emperor, Manuel, opened negotia- tions with Alexander for the purpose of bringing about a union of the Greek and Latin Churches, as well as of the two empires ; but the negotiations led to no per- manent result. In 1166 he was again ejected from ! Rome by the emperor, who was crowned there by i Pascal, while Alexander excommunicated him, and absolved his subjects from the oath of allegiance. Alexander also allied himself with the League of the Lombardian cities which rose against Frederick, and established a new federal city, which they called, in honor of the pope, Alexandria. The antipope Pascal died Sept, 26. 1168, but his partisans elected in his place John, abbot of Sturm, in Hungary, who assumed the name of Calixt III. In 1171 Alexander was in- formed of the murder of Thomas a. Beckct. He put all England under the ban, and sent two cardinals to England to examine the whole matter, which termi- nated in the absolution of the king and the canoniza- tion of Thomas a Becket. In 1177 the emperor got reconciled with Alexander at Venice. The emperor threw himself upon his knees and kissed the foot of the pope, while the latter gave to the emperor the kiss of peace, and pave him his arm to conduct him into the church. The antipope Calixt abdicated in 1178,