Altenburg, Duchy of. See Saxe-Altenburg.
Alter, Franz Carl, a German Jesuit, and pro- fessor of Greek at the gymnasium in Vienna, was born at Engelberg, in Silesia, Jan. 27, 1749, and died March 29, 1804. He published a new critical edition of the New Testament (Novum Testamentum, 2 vols. Vienna, 1786-87) on the basis of the Codex Lambecii I, with which he collated 24 manuscripts, and the Slavic and Coptic versions of some parts of the N. T. Bishop Marsh, in his supplement to the Introduction of Mi- chajlis, lays clown the advantages and disadvantages of this edition. He also wrote an essay on Georgian Literature (in German, Vienna, 1798), published an edition of a number of Latin and Greek classics, and translated into German "The Classical Bibliography of Edward Harwood." He was a frequent contribu- tor to the Memorabilien of Paulus and the Leipzig All- gemeiner Literatur-Anzeiger, two Protestant papers. — Hoefer, Bivgraphie Generale, ii, 229 ; Landon, Eccl. Dictionary, s. v.
Althamer, Andreas, one of the German reform- ers, was born in 1498, at Brenz, in Suabia, and from this circumstance he is sometimes called Andreas Brentius. In 1527 and 1528 he assisted at the con- ferences at Berne on the mode of Christ's presence in the Eucharist, where he held with Luther the doctrine of consubstantiation. He died in 1564. Althamer published, 1. Conciliationes locorum scr/ptune (1528, 8vo) : — 2. A nnotationes in Jacobi Epistolam : — 3. De Peccato Originali: — 4. De Sacramento Altaris: — 5. Scholia in Taciti Germania: — 6. Sylva bibl. nominum (1530). J. A. Ballenstadt published a life of him in 1740 (Wolfenbiittel).— Hook, Eccl. Biog. i, 151 ; Bal- lenstadt, Vita Althamer/, 1740 ; Bayle, Dictionary, s. v.
Alting, James, a Dutch theologian, son of the fol- lowing, was born at Heidelberg, Dec. 27,1618; made professor of Hebrew at Groningen 1667; died Aug. 20, 1679. He was an eminent Oriental scholar. His works are published under the title, Opera omnia theologica, ancdytica, exegi t',ca,practica, problematic!!, et philologica (Amst. 1687, 5 vols. fol.). The}' include, among other writings, 1. Historia A cade mica rum in Populo llcbric- orum: — 2. Dissertatio maxime de Rebus llebraiorum : — 3. Commentaries on most of the Books of the Bible : — 1. A Syro-Chaldaic Grammar: — 5. A Treatise on Hebrew Points. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, ii, 235.
Alting, Joh. Heinrich, a learned reformed di- vine, was born at Emden, in Friesland, Feb. 17, 1583. In 1612 he went over into England with the electoral prince palatine; when he returned to Germany he was appointed professor of theology at Heidelberg. He was one of the deputies to the synod of Dort. After the sacking of Heidelberg by Tilly he retired to
ALUKAII
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Emden, and afterward to Groningen, where he became I professor in 1(527, and died Aug. 25, 1044. Among his works are, Methodus Theologue didactical (Amst. 1050) : — Scriptorum Theologicorum Heidelbergensium (3 vols. 4to, Amst. 1040) : — Exegesis logica et theologica Augus- tana? Confessionis (Amst. 1047, 4to) -.—Tkeohgia prob- lematica nova (Amst. 1002, 4to): — Theologiu hist mica (Ibid. 1GG4) :— Tkeohgia elenctica nova (Basle, 1079, 4to). — Bayle, Dictionary, s. v. ; Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii. 234.
Alukah. See House-leech.
A'lush (Heb. Alusk', ttWbX; perhaps desolation, according to the Talmud, a crowd of men ; Sept. Ai'- \ovc), the eleventh place at which the Hebrews rested on their way to Mount Sinai (Num. xxxiii, 13). It was between Dophkah and Rephidim, and was proba- bly situated on the shore of the Red Sea, just south of lias Jthan. See Exode. The Jewish chronology (Seder Olam, ch. v, p. 27) makes it twelve miles from the former and eight from the latter station. The Targum of Jonathan calls it "a strong fort;" and it is alleged (upon an interpretation of Exod. xvi, 30) that in Alush the Sabbath was instituted, and the first Sabbath kept. Eosebius (Onomast. s. v. 'AWou?) has only this notice, "a region of leaders (?) in what is now Gebalene, near the city Petra." — Kitto, s. v.
Alva y Astorga, Peter of, a Spanish Francis- can, who assumed the habit of that order in Peru, and flourished in the seventeenth century. Upon his re- turn to Spain, he spent his time chiefly in traveling about to obtain all the information in his power which might tend to support the privileges of his order. He published at Madrid in 1051 an absurd work, similar in design to the notorious Conformities of Albizzi (see Albizzi): it is entitled Naturce Prodighim et Gratia: Portentum, and contains 4000 pretended conformities between our Lord and St. Francis. Some years after he published another extraordinary work, " Funiculi nodi indissolubiles de conceptu mentis et conceptu
ventris ab Alexandro Magno VII, Pont. Max.
solvendi aut scindendi'' (Brussels, 1001, 8vo). It is a collection of all the opinions and disputes on the sub- ject of the conception of the Blessed Virgin. He published on these and other matters an immense mass of writings, which amount to forty folio volumes. He died in the Low Countries in 1067. — Richard and Gi- raud, who cite Antonio, Bibl. Script. Hisp. ; Landon, Eccl. Diet. s. v.
Al'vah (Heb. Ah-ah\ hli?, perh. evil; Sept. r«A«), the second named of the Edomitish chieftains descended from Esau (Gen. xxxvi, 40 ; 1 Chron. i, 51, in which latter passage the name is Anglicized, " Ali- ah," after the text !"$??, Alyah'), B.C. post 1905.