The apostolical office seems to have been pre-emi- nently that of founding the churches, and upholding them by supernatural power specially bestowed for that purpose. It ceased, as a matter of course, with its first holders ; all continuation of it, from the very conditions of its existence (comp. 1 Cor. ix, 1), being impossible. The 'nrioKoiroi\ or "bishop" of the an- cient churches coexisted with, and did not in any sense succeed, the apostles ; and when it is claimed for bishops or any church officers that they are theii successors, it can be understood only chronologically, and not officially. See Succession.
7. In the early ecclesiastical writers we find the term 6 cnroaroXoc, "the apostle," used as the desig- nation of a portion of the canonical books, consisting chiefly of the Pauline Epistles. " The Psalter" and "the Apostle" are often mentioned together. It is also not uncommon with these writers to call Paul " The Apostle," by waj' of eminence.
The several apostles are usually represented in mediaeval pictures with special badges or attributes: St. Peter, with the keys ; St. Paul, with a sword ; St. Andrew, with a cross ; St. James the Less, with a fuller's pole ; St. John, with a cup and a winged ser- pent flying out of it ; St. Bartholomew, with a knife ; St. Philip, with a long staff, whose upper end is form- ed into a cross ; St. Thomas, with a lance ; St. Mat- thew, with a hatchet ; St. Matthias, with a battle-axe ; St. James the Greater, with a pilgrim's staff and a gourd-bottle; St. Simon, with a saw; and St. Jucle, with a club. (See Lardner, Works, v, 255-vi, 361.)
For the history of the individual apostles, see each name (Mant, Bioy. of the Apostles, Lond. 1840).
8.- Further works on the history of the apostles, be- sides the patristic ones by Dorotheus of Tyre (tr. in Hanmer's Eiisebius, Lond. 1663), Jerome (in append, of his Opera, ii, 945), Hippolytus (of doubtful genuine- ness, given with others in Fabricii Cod. Apocr. N. T. ii, 388, 744, 757 ; iii, 599), Nicetas (Lat. in Bill. Max. Pair, xxvii, 384; Gr. and Lat. by Combefis, Auct. Noviss. p. 327), and others (see J. A. Fabricius, Bibli- otheca Eccles. append.), are the following: G. Fabri- cius, Hist. J. C. itemque apostol. etc. (Lips. 1566, 1581, 8vo) ; Cave, Lives of lh°. Apistles (Lond. 1677, 1678, 1684, 1686, fob, and often since; new ed. by Cary, Oxf. 1840, 8vo; a standard work on the subject, above referred to) ; Hoffmann, Geschichtskalender d. Apostel (Prem. 1699, 8vo) ; Grunenberg, De Apostolis (Rost. 1704, 1705) ; Reading, Hist, of our Lord, with Lives of th" Apostles (Lond. 171(5, 8vo) ; Anonymous, Hist, of th< Apostles in Scripture (Lond. 1725, 8vo) ; Sandin, Hist. Apostolica (Petav. 1731, 8vo ; an attempt to for- tify the Acts by external accounts) ; G. Erasmus, I'rreyrivitiiwes apostolor. (Regiom. 1702); Tillemont, L'Histoire Ecclesiastique, i and ii ; Fleetwood, Life of Christ, s. f. ; Lardner, Works, vi ; Jacobi, Gcsch. d. Apostet (Gotha, 1818, 8vo) ; Rosenmiiller, Die Apostel, nach ihrem Leben u. Wirken (Lpz. 1821, 8vo) ; Wilhelmi, Christi Apostel n. erste Bekenner (Heidelb. 1825, 8vo) ; Kitto. Daily Bible Illustrations, eve. ser. iv ; Green-
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wood, Lives of the Apostles (3d ed. Bost. 184G, 12mo) ; also the works enumerated under Acts (of the Apos- tles). Of a more special character are the following among others : Kibov, De apostolatuJudaico, spec. Paidi (Gott. 1745) ; Heineccius, De habitu et insignib. aposto- lor. sacerdotalibus (Lips. 1702) ; Pfliicke, De apostolor. et prophetar. in N. T. eminentia et discrimine (Lips. 1785) ; Rhodomann, De sapientia Chr. in electione apos- tolor. (Jen. 1752) ; C. W. F. Walch, De illuminatione apostolor. successiva (Gott. 1758) ; Michaelis, De apti- tud'tne et sinceritate apostolor. (Hal. 1760) ; Jesse, Learn- ing and Inspiration of the Apostles (Lond. 1798) ; Gold- horn, De institutione apostolor. prcecepta rede agendi a Jesu scepenumero repetenda (Lips. 1817); Tittmann, De discrimine disciplines Christi et apostolorum (Lips. 1805) ; Hergang, De apostolor. sensu psychologico (Budissie, 1841); Milman, Character and Conduct of the Apostles (Bampton Lect. Oxf. 1827) ; Whately, Lect. on the character of the Apostles (2d ed. Lond. 1853) ; Messner, Lehre der Apostel (Lpz. 1856). Monographs on various points relating to the apostolata have also been writ- ten in Latin by Moebius (Lips. 1660), Dannhauer (Ar- gent. 1664), Kahler (Mint. 1700), Cyprian (Lips. 1717), Fischer (ib. 1720), Fromm (Ged. 1720), Neubauer (Hal. 1729), Beck (Viteb. 1735), Roser (Argent. 1743), Michaelis (Hal. 1749), Kocher (Jen. 1751), Stosch (Guelf. 1751), Rathlef (Harmon. 1752), C. W. F. Walch (Jen. 1754), J. E. J. Walch (ib. 1753, 1755), J. G. Walch (ib. 1774), Pries (Rost. 1757), Schulze (Frcft. 1758), Taddel (Rost, 1760), Stemler (Lips. 1707), Crusius (ib. 1769), Widmann (Jen. 1775), Wilcke (ib. 1676), Wich- mann (ib. 1779), Schlegel (Lips. 1782), Rau (Erlang. 1788), Miller (Gott. 1789), Pisanski (Regiom. 1790), Heumann (Dissert, i, 120-155), Glide (Xov. misc. Lips. iii, 563 sq.), Christiansen (Traj. 1803), Bohme (Hal. 1826), etc. ; in German by Gabler (Theol. Journ. xiii, 94 sq.). Grulich (Ann. d. Theol.), Ruhmer (in Schu- deroff's Jahrb. Ill, iii, 2i7 2<(3),Vogel (Avfsdtze, ii, 4), and many others, especially in contributions to theo- logical journals. See Apostolic Age. Apostles' Creed. See Creed.