b. That of the Psalms (according to the Sj-rian re- cension) which is printed in Justiniani's Psalt. Octa- plum. (Genoa, 1516"), and in Liber. Psalmor. a Gabr. Sionita et Vict. Scialac. (Rome, 1G14).
c. That version of the Psalms which is in use by the Malkites, or Orthodox Oriental Christians, made by 'Abdallah ben al-Fadhl, before the twelfth century. It has been printed at Aleppo in 1706, in London in 1725, and elsewhere.
d. The version of the Psalms (according to the Egyptian recension) found in both the Polyglots.
III. Arabic versions formed on the Peshito.
a. The Polyglot version of Job, of Chronicles, and (according to ROdiger, who ascribes them to Christian translators in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries) that of Judges, Ruth, Samuel, 1 Kings i to xi, and 2 Kings xii, 17, to xxv.
b. The version of the Psalms printed at Kashaya, near Mount Lebanon, in 1610. — Kitto, s. v.
For further information and criticism respecting the character and value of these and other Arabic ver- sions, see Rosenmuller's Handb. f. a. Liter atur. iii, 38 sq., 132 sq. ; Dr. Davidson, in the new ed. of Home's Introd. ii, 68 sq. ; Davidson's Treatise on Biblical Criticism (Lond. 1843), i, 255-260; ii, 222-229. See Versions ; Criticism.
Arabici. See Arabians.
Arabim. See Willow.
A'rad (Hcb. Arad', 1*13, perh. flight), the name of a city and of a man.
1. (Sept. 'Apc'iv, but in Josh. "Acep.) An ancient city (so called perhaps from wild asses in the vicinity, comp. Tl*1?, onager) on the southernmost borders of Palestine, whose inhabitants drove back the Israelites as they attempted to penetrate from Kadesh into Ca- naan (Num. xxi, 1 ; xxxiii, 40, where the Auth. Vers, has "King Arad," instead of "King of Arad"), but were eventually subdued by Joshua, along with the other southern Canaanites (Josh, xii, 14 ; also Judg. i, 16). It lay within the original limits of the tribe of Judah (Josh, xii, 14) north (north-west) of the desert of Judah (Judg. i, 16). Eusebius (Apapa) and Jerome place Arad twenty Roman miles from Hebron, and four from Malatha, in the neighborhood cf the desert of Kadesh (see Reland, Palasst. p. 481, 501, 573). This accords well with the situation of a hill called Tell Arad, which Dr. Robinson observed on the road from Petra to Hebron. He describes it as " a barren- looking eminence rising above the country around." He did not examine the spot, but the Arabs said there were no ruins upon or near it, but only a cavern (Re- searches, ii, 472, 622). The same identification is proposed bjr Schwarz (Palest, p. 86). See HoRMAH. According to Van de Velde (Narrat. ii, 83-85) there arc fragments of pottery on the top of the Tell, and a ruined reservoir on its south side. It was an episco- pal city in Jerome's time (Ritter, Erdk. xiv, 121).
2. (Sept. 'AputS v. r. 'Qpjj5.) One of the "sons" of Beriah of the tribe of Benjamin (1 Chron. viii, 15), B.C. apparently 536.
Arad. See Wild Ass.
Ar'adus ("Apacoc), a city included in the list of places to which the decree of Lucius the consul, pro- tecting the Jews under Simon the high-priest, was addressed 1 1 Mace, xv, 23). It is no doubt the Arvad (q. v.) of Scripture (Gen. x, 17).
A 'rah (Ileb. Arach' , rPX, prob. for H'lN, way- faring'), the name of two men.
1. (Sept. 'OotxO The first named of the three sons of Ulla of the tribe of Asher (1 Chron. vii, 39). B.C. apparently 1017.
2. (Sep"t. 'Apt c, 'Hp«.) An Israelite whose posterity (variously stated as 775 and 652 in number) returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii, 5; Neh. vii, 10). B.C. ante 536. He is probably the same with
ARAM
353
ARAM
the Arah (Sept. 'Ho«e) whose son Shechaniah was fa- ther-in-law of Tobiah (Neh. vi, 18).
A'ram (Heb. Aram', b'lK, prob. from D'l, high, q. d. highlands ; Sept. and N. T. 'Apd/i : see Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 151 ; Forbiger, Alte Geogr. ii, 041, Aura.), the name of a nation or country, with that of its founder and two or three other men. See also Beth- Aram. Comp. Cuneiform Inscriptions.
1. Aram^a (Sept. and later versions Syria) was the name given by the Hebrews to the tract of coun- try lying between Phoenicia on the west, Palestine on the south, Arabia Deserta and the Kiver Tigris on the east, and the mountain range of Taurus on the north. Many parts of this extensive territory have a much lower level than Palestine ; but it might receive the designation of " highlands," because it does rise to a greater elevation than that country at most points of immediate contact, and especiall)- on the side of Leb- anon. Aram, or Aramsea, seems to have corresponded generally to the Syria (q. v.) and Mesopotamia (q. v.) of the Greeks anil Romans. We hnd the following divisions expressly noticed in Scripture. SeeCANAAN.
1. Aram'-Damme'sek, pb53^ W? X, the " Syria of Damascus" conquered by David, 2 Sam. viii, 5, 6, where it denotes only the territory around Damascus ; but elsewhere " Aram," in connection with its capital " Damascus," appears to be used in a wider sense for Syria Proper (Isa. vii, 1, 8 ; xvii, 3 ; Amos i, 5). At a later period Damascus gave name to a district, the Syria Damascena of Pliny (v, 13). To this part of Aram the "land of Hadrach" seems to have belonged (Zech. ix, 1). See Damascus.