2. (Sept. 'Aoyo/3.) A subaltern or ally of Pekahiah (B.C. 757), as appears from 2 Kings xv, 25, where we read that Pekah conspired against Pekahiah, king of Israel, " and smote him in Samaria, in the palace of the king's house, with Argob and Arieh." In giving this version, some think our translators have mistaken the sense of the original, which they therefore render "smote him in the harem of the palace of the king of Argob and Arieh," as if these were the names of two cities in Samaria. Others, however, maintain, with good reason, that the particle TX is properly trans- lated with, i. e. these two officers were assassinated at the same time ; so the Sept. (fUTa). It will hardly bear the other construction : the word strictly denotes near (Vvlg.juxta), but that would yield no tolerable sense to the whole passage (see Kiel, Comment, inloc). According to some, Argob was an accomplice of Pekah in the murder of Pekahiah. But Sebastian Schmid explained that both Argob and Arieh were two princes of Pekahiah whose influence Pekah feared, and whom he therefore slew with the king. Rashi understands by Argob the royal palace, near which was the castle in which the murder took place. In like manner, Arieh, named in the same connection ("the lion," so called probably from his daring as a warrior), was ei- ther one of the accomplices of Pekali in his conspira- cy against Pekahiah, or, as Schmid understands, one of the princes of Pekahiah, who was put to death with him. Kaslii explains the latter name literally of a golden lion which stood in the castle. See Pekah.
Argyle {Ergadid), an episcopal see in Scotland; the diocese contains the counties or districts of Argyle, Lorn, Kintire, and Lochaber, with some of the West- ern Isles, as Lismore, where the sec is. The present title of the sec is "Argyle and the Western Isles," and the incumbent in 1865 was Alexander Ewing, D.D., consecrated in 1847.
Ari. See Lion.
Arialdus, deacon and martyr of the church of Mi- lan in the llth century. The Roman Church in the north of Italy was then very corrupt; a wide-spread licentiousness, originating from the unnatural institu- tion of priestly celibacy, prevailed. Great numbers of the clergy kept concubines openly. Some ear-
nest men, shocked by this flagrant evil, vainly im. agined the strict enforcement of celibacy the only ef- fectual cure. Chief among these reformers stood Ari- aldus, whose life was one continued scene of violent controversy. Although successively sanctioned by Popes Stephen X, Nicholas II, and Alexander II, he found little sympathy among his brethren, and used to complain that he could only get laymen to assist him in his agitation. Having at length succeeded in obtaining a papal bull of excommunication against the archbishop of Milan, a fierce tumult ensued in the cit)-, whose inhabitants declared against Arialdus and his coadjutors. Arialdus now fled to the country ; but his hiding-place being betrayed, he was conveyed cap- tive to a desert isle in Lake Maggiore, where he was murdered by the emissaries of the archbishop, and his remains thrown into the lake, June 28, 10C6. He was afterward canonized by Pope Alexander II. — Acta Sanctorum, June 28 ; Chambers, Encyclopedia, s. v.
Arianism, a heresy with regard to the person of Christ which spread widely in the church from the fourth to the seventh centuries. It took its name from Arius, a presbyter of Alexandria, said to have been a Libyan, and a man of subtle, but not profound mind. The most probable account is that he Mas educated in the school of Lucian the martyr at Antioch ; and the doctrinal position of Lucian (scientifically nearer to the subsequent doctrine of Arius than of Athanasius) helps to explain not only how Arius's view arose, but also how it happened to be so widely received (comp. Dorner, Person of Christ, div. i, vol. ii, p. 490; Socrates, Hist. Eccl. ii, 10 ; Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. iii, 5). He is said to have favored Meletius (q. v.), who was deposed A.U. 30G; but it appears that Peter, bishop of Alexandria, the great enemy of Meletius, ordained Arius deacon (Sozom. Hist. Eccl. i, 15) about A.D. 311, but soon, on account of his turbulentdisposition, ejected him. When Peter was dead, Arius feigned penitence ; and being pardoned by Achillas, who succeeded Peter, he was by him raised to the priesthood, and intrusted with the church of Baucalis, in Alexandria (Epiphan. Hares. 08, 4). It is said that on the death of Achillas, A.D. 313, Arius was greatly mortified because Alexander Avas preferred before him, and made bishop, and that he consequently sought every occasion of exciting tu- mults against Alexander; but this storj' rests simply on a remark of Theodoret {Hist. Eccles. i, 2) that Arius was envious of Alexander.
I. Ancient Ar-ianism. — 1. First Period: to the Council of AVec.— The eloquence of Arius gained him popu- larity ; and he soon began to teach a doctrine con- cerning the person of Christ inconsistent with His di- vinity. When Alexander had one day been address- ing his clergy, and insisting that the Son is co-eternal, co-essential, and co-equal with the Father (oytion/ioj/ rov narpop, Kat rt)v airn)v ovoiav i\m', Theod. i, 11), Arius opposed him, accused him of Sabellianism, and asserted that there was a time when the Son was not (Jiv ore ovk <;)' o rnir), since the Father who begot must be before the Son who was begotten, and the lat- ter, therefore, could not be eternal (Socrat. Hist. Eccl. i, 5). Such is the account, by the early writers, of the origin of the controversy. But if it had not begun in this way, it must soon have began in some other. The points in question had not arrived at scientific pre- cision in the mind of the church ; and it was only dur- ing the Arian controversy, and by means of the ear- nest struggles invoked by it, carried on through mam' years, causing the convocation of many synods, and employing some of the most acute and profound intel- lects the church has ever seen, that a definite and per- manent form of truth was arrived at (Dorner, Person of Christ, div. i, vol. ii, p. 227). See Athanasius. At length, Alexander called a council of his clergy, which was attended by nearly one hundred Egyptian and Libyan bishops, by whom Arius was deposed and ex- communicated (Sozom. Hist. Eccl. i, 15). This deci-