The earliest authority for the life of Arminius is Pe- j trus Bertius, De Vita et Obitu J. Arminii Oralio. The I fullest account is given by Caspar Brandt, Jlistoria | Vita J. Arminii (Amst. 1724, 8vo), a posthumous work, edited by Gerhard Brandt, son of Caspar. It was re- published, with a preface and notes, by Mosheim (Brunswick, 1725, 8vo) ; and a translation, by Guthrie (Lond. 1854, ISmo). See also Bangs, Life of Arminius j (N. Y. 1843). The chief sources of information as to the early period of the controversy between the Ar- minians and Calvinists are as follows : Arminian writers, Uyttenbogaert, Kerckelijcke Historie . . . roor- namentlijck in deze geunieerde prorincien (Rotterdam, 1647, fo'l.) ; Gerhard Brandt, Historic der Reformatie, etc., which is the most copious account extant (Anist.
ARMINIANISM
416
ARMINIANISM
1663, 8vo; 1671, Ito; transl. into English by Cham- ber! lyne, Lond. 1720. 4 vols, fol.) ; Limborch, Historia Vii • S . / 'scopii (Amst. 1701, 8vo), and Relatio His- torica de Origin* el Pn gressu Controversiarum in Fcede- rato i:< Igio d< Prcedestinatione, etc., which last work is Bubjoined to the later editions of his Theologia Christi- ana (transl. Methodist Quarterly, July, 18-14, p. 425). For other writers, see Cattenburgh, Bibliotheca Scrip- tor. Hi month; i nt. (Amst. 1728, 4to) ; and citations un- der art. Remonstrants. On the Calvinistic side the chief works are, Jac. Triglandius, Den recht-ghematich- dtit Christen (Amst. Kilo, 4to) ; Kerckelijcke geschie- denessen van de vereen. Nederlanden (Lugd. Bat. 1650, fol., written to oppose Uyttenbogaert's histor}-) ; Ja- cobus Leydekker, Eere run de Nationale St/node van Dordregt (Amst. 1705-1707, 4 to) ; Acta Synmli Xatio- nalis, etc. (Dort, 1620, 4to). See Dort. The writers on the Synod of Dort are enumerated by Fabricius, Biblioth ca Grceca, lib. vi, c. 4, vol. xi, p. 723. Mos- hcim {Keel. Hist.) had well studied the whole contro- versy, and his account is impartial. Prof. Stuart, of Andover, published a favorable and able treatise on "The Creed of Arminius, with a brief Sketch of his Life and Times," in the Biblical Depository (Andover, 1831, vol. i). See also Lit. and Theol. Review, vi, 337. But the views of Arminius are nowhere better set forth, in small compass, than by the Rev. W. F. War- ren (Meth. Quae. Hi r. July, 1857), and by Dr. Whedon (Ui'i'iith, ca Sacra, April, 1864). ■ — Arminii Opera Theo- logica(hugi. Bat. 1G29, 4 to) ; Works of James Arminius, translated by Nicholls and Bagnall (best ed. 3 vols. 8vo, N. Y. 1843).
II. From the death of Arminius to the present time. — 1. The dispute ran high after the death of Arminius, and with increased bitterness. The clergy and laity of Holland were arrayed into two hostile armies — Gomarists and Arminians; the former being the most numerous, but the latter including the leading schol- ars and statesmen. In 1610 the Arminians presented a petition to the States of Holland and "West Fries- land, which was called a "Remonstrance" (Remo7i- stran/ia, I'JhI'us supplex adhibitus Holland ire et West Frisire ordinibus). They were named Remonstrants (q. v.) in eousequence ; and, as the Calvinists pre- sented a "Counter-Remonstrance," they were called Contra- Remonstrants. The "Remonstrance" sets forth the Arminian theory over against the Calvinistic in live articles, substantially as given above, but in briefer form. Attempts were made by the authorities to reconcile the two contending parties by a confer- ence between them at the Hague in 1611, a discussion at Uelft in 1613, and also by an edict in 1614, enjoining peace. At last the States-General issued an order for the assembling of a national synod. It met at Dort, in Holland, and opened on November 13th, 1618, and its sittings continued through that and the following year. This famous synod condemned entirely the "five ar- ticles" in which the Arminians expressed their opin- ions. Sec Dort. These articles bad been drawn up in 1610, presented in the conference at the Hague in 1611, and finally laid before the Synod of Dort. To fix the sense of the passages in the Scriptures which related to the dispute, a new Dutch translation of the whole Bible, from the original Hebrew and Greek, was undertaken at the command of the synod. This new version was published in 1637. The Arminians, being dissatisfied with the version of the New Testa- ment, made another version of the New Testament from the Greek, which was published at Amsterdam in 1680. The Arminians were subjected to severe penalties. Their great leader, Barneveldt, died on the scaffold on a political pretence. They were all de- prived of their sacred and civil officer, and their min- isters were forbidden to preach. For an account of these persecutions, see ('alder, life of Episcojnus, xv. Many retired to Antwerp and France; a considerable body emigrated to Holstein, upon the invitation of
Friederich, duke of Holstein, and built the town of Frederickstadt in the duchy of Schleswig. After the death of Maurice in 1625, the Arminians were allowed to return, and a decree of 1630 authorized them to build churches and schools. The exiles from France and the Spanish Netherlands came back and established congregations in various places, particularly at Rot- terdam and Amsterdam. At Amsterdam they founded a school, in which Simon Episcopius was the first pro- fessor of theology. See Episcopius ; and for a fuller account of the fortunes of the Remonstrant party, see Remonstrants.