; it is used to indicate deliverance from punishment or guilt (Eph. i, 7 ; Col. i, 14) ; sanctif cation, which is de- liverance from the dominion of sin (1 Pet. i, 18) ; the resurrection, which is the actual deliverance of the
| bod}' from the grave, the consequence of sin (Rom. viii, 23) ; comjrteted salvation, which is actual deliver- ance from all evil (Eph. i, 14 ; iv, 30; 1 Cor. i, 30; Tit. ii, 14). Once it is used without reference to sin (Heb. xi, 35), and perhaps in Luke xxi, 28. (ff.~) Another word, translated "redemption" («yop«4'io,Gal. iii, L">; iv, 5; Rev. v, 9; xiv, 3, 4), means, as it is every- where else translated, to buy, referring to a purchase made in. the market. What is paid in this case is called Tififj (price), and this price is said to be Chrut (Gal. iii, 13), or his blood (Rom. v, 9). In Acts xx, 28, the word rendered "purchase" (7r5p(7roi£7<T0«() has no reference to redemption or to price, but means sim- pfy "acquired for himself :" the following words, how- ever, indicate that the sense is not materially different from purchasing, as that term is used elsewhere. (A.) The word "satisfacticn" is not found in the N. T., but it occurs twice in the Old (Numb, xxxv, 31, 32). It is there a translation of "1E3 or Xvrpov, "that which expiates" or "ransoms." The use of these terms, in reference to the N. T. doctrine, implies that what was done and paid in the death of our Lord satisfied the claims of justice, and answered all the moral purposes which God deemed necessary, under a system of holy law. (/.) The word (t substitution" is not to be found in either Testament, but the idea is frequently ex- pressed in both : "it shall be accepted fok him" (Lev. i. 4 ; vii, 18) is the O. T. phrase, and the New corre- sponds. There we find in frequent use inrip and cirri, the former meaning "on behalf of," "for," and "in- stead," and the latter meaning undoubtedly "instead of." Much stress ought not to be laid upon the first of these terms, as it is frequently used where it may mean "for the advantage of" (Rom. viii, 20, 31; 2 Cor. i, 2); yet in John xv, 13, and 1 John iii, 10, it seems to mean "instead of;" and this is certainfy the meaning of avri (Matt, xx, 28 ; Mark x, 45 ; see Matt, ii, 22, "m the room of"). Apart, however, from par- ticular prepositions, three sets of phrases clearly teach this doctrine. (1) Christ was made a curse for us (Gal. iii, 13); so a similar phrase (2 Cor. v, 21). (2)
ATONEMENT
516
ATONEMENT
He cave himself as a sacrifice for our sins (1 Cor. xv, :• ; Eph. v, 1' . Gal. i, -1 ; 1 Vim. ii, 6, 14 ; Heb. vii, 27 ; v, 1, ;',: x. 12; Rom. v. 6, 7, 8; i Cor. i, 13; v, 7; xi, 24 ; 1 Pet. iii, 18 ; iv, 1). (3) < Jhrist g ive kis life for „„r life, or we live by his death (Gal. ii, 20 ; Rom. xiv, 15; 2 (or. v, 1"). Compare Rom. xvi, 4; Isa. liii, 45). The idea of substitution is in all these passages, and the phrase, though not scriptural, is a convenient sum- mary of them all. (j.) "Salvation" is everywhere in the X. T. the representative of <noT>ipla or gutijoiov ; aiorijpia is always translated " salvation" except in three passages (Acts vii. 25 ; xxvii, 34, and Heb. xi, 7, where it refers to temporal deliverance), and the idea included in the term is whatever blessings redemption includes, but without any reference to Xvrpov, or any- thing else as the ground of them. It includes present deliverance (Luke xix, 9) or future (Phil, i, 19 ; Rom. xiii, 11). "Salvation," therefore, is the state into which the Gospel introduces all who believe, and with- out reference to the means used. On turning to the Sept., however, we find that the idea of propitiation is involved even here ; fftmjpioj* is very frequently the translation of ub'O (l"Ct), ^jeace-offering, Srvola awri]- piov (Lev. iii, 1-3 ; iv, 10 ; vii, 20 ; xi, 4 ; Judg. xx, 26 ; xxi, 4). DP13 is the sacrifice or retribution restoring peace, and thus the meaning of oio-iipiov touches upon the meaning of propitiation.
" From this comparison, therefore, of the X. T.. the Sept.. and the Hebrew, we gather the following con- clusions : Propitiation, giving prominence to the sec- ondary meaning of HS3, kaphar, and the primary meaning of tZiXaOKOfiai, is an act prompting to the exercise of mercy, and providing for its exercise in a way consistent with justice; Expiation, giving promi- nence to the primary meaning of 1£3 and the second- ary meaning of i'iiKaoKOfiai, is an act which provides for the removal of sin, and cancels the obligation to punishment; Atonement, giving prominence to both, and meaning expiation and propitiation combined. Chrisfs atonement is said to be by substitution, for he suffered in our stead, and he bears our sin ; and it is by satisfaction, for the broken law is vindicated, all the purposes of punishment are answered with honor to the Lawgiver, and eventual holiness to the Christian. Its result is reconciliation (tca-aWa-/))) ; the moral sen- timent of justice in God is reconciled to the sinner, and provision is made for the removal of our enmity; and it is redemption, or actual deliverance for a price from sin in its guilt and dominion, from all misery, and from death. Salvation is also actual deliverance, but without a distinct reference to a price paid. Atone- ment, therefore, is something offered to God; redemp- tion or salvation is something bestowed upon man; atonement is the ground of redemption, and redemption is the result of atonement (Isa. liii, 4-9, 10, 12). The design of the first is to satisfy God's justice, the design of tli- second to make man blessed; the first was fin- ished upon the cross, the second is in daily operation, and will not be completed in the ease of the whole church till the consummation of all things (Dan. ix, l1 : Eph. iv.SO)."