The semi-infidelity which has recently sprung up in high places in the Church of England, so far as it re- firs to the atonement, may be represented by Jowett as follows: "The only sacrifice, atonement, or satis- faction with which the Christian has to do is a moral and spiritual one ; not the pouring out of blood upon the earth, but the living sacrifice 'to do thy will, 0 Cod;' in which the believer has part as well as his Lord ; about the meaning of which there can be no more question in our day than there was in the first ages." "Heathen and Jewish sacrifices rather show us what the sacrifice of Christ was not, than what it was. They are the dim, vague, rude, almost barbar- ous expression of that want in human nature which has received satisfaction in him only. Men are afraid of something; they wish to give away something; they feel themselves bound by something ; the fear is done away, the gift offered, the obligation fulfilled in Christ. Such fears and desires can no more occupy their souls ; they are free to lead a better life ; they are at the end of the old world, and at the beginning of a new one. The work of Christ is set forth in Scripture tinder many different figures, lest we should rest in one only. His death, for instance, is described as a ransom. He will set the captives free. Ransom is deliverance to the captive. ' Whosoever commit- tetb. sin is the servant of sin.' Christ delivers from sin. ' If the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.' To whom ? for what was the ransom paid ? are questions about which Scripture is silent, to which reason refuses to answer" (Jowett, On St. Paul's Epis- tles, ii, 568). See also Essays and Reviews; Replies to Essays and Reviews; Ails to Faith (all republished in New York). Maurice (Theological Essays; Doctrine of : Tracts for Priests and People) is uncertain and obscure in this, as in other points of theology (see Rigg, Anglican Theolgy; and Bibliotheca Sac?-a, 1865, G59). The so-called Broad School, in the Church of England, tends to eviscerate the atonement of all meaning except as a moral illustration or example. Dr. Bushnell (of Hartford) has set forth some of the old heresies in very attractive stjde in his God in Christ (1819), and Vicarious Sacrifice (1865). In the former work he distinguishes three forms of the doctrine of atonement — "the Protestant form, which takes the ritualistic (objective) side of the Gospel, hut turns it into a human dogma; the speculative, or philosophic form, identifying atonement with reconciliation of men unto God, one of the varieties of which is the Unitarian doctrine, which 'pumps out' the contents of tin- e holy forms; and the Romish form, which pass- es beyond the ritual, objective view, and Judaizes or paganizes it by dealing with blood ;<s a real and mi- raculous entity." In the later work he makes "the • and cross of Christ his simple duty, and not any superlative, optional kind of good, outside of all the common principles of virtue. . . . rt is only just .- > good a- ii ought to i.e. or the highest law of right required it to be." lie holds that Christ did not sat- isfy, by his own Buffering, the violated justice of God. Christ did not. c, on' to the world to die, but died sim- ply because he was lore; there was nothing penal in the agony and tie- cross; the importance of the phys- i al Bufferings ofChrisI consists to us not in what they are. but in what they express or morally signify; ( lni-t is not a ground, but a power of justification. ; and th ■ lie' raw Sacrifices were not types of Christ to
them who worshiped in them, but were only necessary as types of Christian language (see Method' st Quart, r- ly, Jan. 1851, p. 114; American Preshyt. Review, Jan. 1866, p. 162). A view somewhat similar to Bushnell' s is given by Schultz, Begriffd. stellvertretenden Leidens (Basel, 1864). See N. Brit. Rev. June, 1867, art. iii.
III. Literature. — For the histonj of the doctrine of atonement, see Ziegler, Hist. doom, de Redemptione (Gutting. 1791) ; Baur, Lehre v. d. Versohnung ( 1 ubint;. 1838, 8vo); Thomasius, Hist. dogm. de Obed. C/iristi Ac- t'va (Erlan r. 1845) ; Cotta, De Hist. Doct. de R< <h rr.pt. (in Gerhard's Loci, t. iv, p. 1()5 sq.) ; Hagenbach, his- tory of Doctrines; Shedd, History of Doctrines, bk. v; Neander, Planting and Training, bk. vi, ch. i; Ibid. History of Doctrines ; Cunningham, Historical Theolo- gy, vol. ii, ch. xxiv; Beck, Dogmengeschichte, p. 199 sq. ; Knapp, Theology, § cx-exvi ; Hase, Dogmatik, § 119 ; Wilson, Hist triced Sketch of Opinions on the Atone- ment (Philadel. 1817); Gas?, Geschichte d. Prot. Dog- matik (Berlin, 1854-66, 3 vols.); Heppe, Dogmatik d. Evang. Ref. Kirche,\oc. xviii; Weber, Yom Zorne Got- tes, 1862 (with preface ly Delitzsch, containing a good condensed history of the doctrine of atonement). — On the doctrine of edonement, besides the books on systemat- ic theology and the works named in the course of this ar- ticle, see Leblanc, Genvgthuung Christi (Gicssen, 17S3 8vo); Loftier, Lie kirchl. Genvgthuungslehre (1796, 8vo; opposes vicarious atonement) ; Tholuck, Lehre v. d. Simde unci v. Yersuhner ; Thomasius Christi Person una \Yerk, t. iii; Sykes, Scriptural Doctrine of Rah mpiit n ! (Lond. 1756, 8vo) ; Kienlen, De Christi Satisfact. Yi- caria (Argent. 1839) ; Edwards, Necessity of Sqti fac- tion for Sin (Works, vol. ii) ; Baur, On Grotian Theo- ry, transl. in Bibliotheca Sacra, ix, 259 ; Coleridge, Aids to Refection, and review in Am. Bib. Repos. July, 18-14; Baxter, Universal Redemption (1650); Goodwin, Redemption Redeemed (1650, 8vo) ; and in Dunn, Good- win's Theology (Lond. 1836, 12mo ; also in Goodwin's Exposition of Rom. ix, 1663, 8vo) ; Owen, Works, vol. v, vi (reply to Goodwin) ; Home, Extent of the Death of Christ (reply to Owen, 1650) ; Barrow, Works ( N. Y. ed. ii, 77 sq.) ; Stillingfleet, Cn Christ" s Satisfaction (maintains the view of Grotius; Works, vol. iii); Ma- gee, On Atonement and Sacrifice (Lond. 1832, 5th ed. 3 vols. 8vo) ; J. Pye Smith, On the Sacrifice of Christ (Lond. 1813, 8vo) ; Jenkyn, On the Extent of the Atone- ment (Lond. 1842, 3d ed. 8vo ; Boston, 12mo); Syming- ton, On Atonement and Intercession (New York, 12mo); Shinn, On Salvation (Philadel. 8vo); Trench, Hulsean Lectures (1846), and Five Sermons; Gilbert, The Chris- tian Atonement (London, 1852, 8vo) ; Wardlaw, J)is- courses on the Atonement ; Marshall, Catholic Duct tine of Redemption, in answer to Wardlaw (Glasgow, 1844, 8vo) ; Beman, Christ the only Sacrifice (N. Y. 1844, 12mo); reviewed in Princeton Rev. xvii, 84, and Meth. Quarterly, vii, 379; Penrose, Moral Principle of the Atonement (London, 1843, 8vo, maintains the natural availableness of repentance) ; Thomson (Bp. of Glou- cester), Bampton Lecture, 1853; Oxenham (Roman Catholic), Doctrine of the. Atonement (Lond. 1865, 8vo) ; J. M'L. Campbell, Nature of the Atonement (1856; makes atonement a moral work of confession and in- tercession"! ; Candlish, On the Atonement, replj- to Mau- rice (London, 1861); Wilson, True Doctrine of At ne- ment (London, 186(1); Mellor, Atonement in Relation to Pardon (I860); Kern, The Atonement (Lond. 1860); MTlvaine, The Atonement (Lond. 1860); Solly, Doc- trine of . 1 ton, in. Tit (Lond. 1861) ; Shedd, Discourses and Essay*, 272 sq. (Andover, LS62") ; various articles in the Princeton Review and Bibliotheca Sacra on the two sides of the controversy within the Calvinistic school as to the nature and extent of the atonement; also Barnes, The Atonement (Philadel. 1859), reviewed in Princeton Rev. July, 1859. For the Methodist view, Methodist Quarterly, 1846, p. 392; 1847, p. 382, 414; 1860, 387; 1861, 653; and Dr. Whedon's article on Methodist theology, Biblioth ca Sacra, If 62, 256. For