filment of the papal office : " Consider that the Church of Rome, over which God hatli placed you as supreme, is the mother, and not the mistress of other churches ; and that you are not a sovereign lord over the other bishops, but only one among them ,• that you are a broth- er of those that love God, and a companion of such as fear him," etc. "His meditations have been transla- ted by Dean Stanhope. His sermons have been the delight of the faithful in all ages. ' The}' are,' says Sixtus of Sienna, 'at once so sweet and so ardent that it is as though his mouth were a fountain of honey, and his heart a whole furnace of love.' The doctrines of St. Bernard differ on soma material points from that of ths modern Church of Home ; he did not hold those refinements and perversions of the doctrine of justifi- cation which the school divinity afterward introduced, and the Reformers denounced; he rejected the notion of supererogatory works ; he did not hold the modern purgatorial doctrines of the Church of Borne; neither did he admit the immaculate conception of the blessed Virgin. He maintained the doctrine of the real pres- ence, as distinguished from the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation. In his discourse on the Lord's Supper, he joins together the oalw irdform of the sacra- ment, and the spiritual efficacy of it, as the shell and ths kernel, the sacred sign, and the tiling signified; the one he takes out of the words of the institution, and the other out of Christ's sermon in the sixth of St. John. And in the same place explaining that sacra- ments are not things absolute in themselves without any relation, but mysteries, wherein, by the gift of a vis- ible sign, an invisible and divine grace with the body and blood of Christ is given, he saith 'that the visible sign is as a ring, which is given, not for itself or abso- lutely, but to invest and give possession of an estate made over to one.' Now, as no man can fancy that the ring is substantially changed into the inheritance, whether lands or houses, none also can say with truth, or without absurdity, that the bread and wine are sub- stantially changed into the body and blood of Christ. Rut in his sermon on the Purification I13 speaks yet more plainly: 'The bod)' of Christ in the sacrament is the food of the soul, not of the bell}', therefore we cat Him not corporally ; but in the manner that Christ is meat, in the same manner we understand that He is eaten.' Also in his sermon on St. Martin: 'To this day,' saith he, ' the same flesh is given to us, but spir- itually, therefore not corporally.' For the truth of things spiritually present is certain also." Bernard died August 20, 1153, leaving one hundred and sixty monasteries of his order, all founded by his exertions. The brief character of him given by Erasmus is this: "Christians doctus, sancte facundus et pie festivus." He was canonized, with unexampled splendor, twenty years after his death, by Alexander III, and the Ro- man Church celebrates his memory on the 20th of Au- gust. Of all the editions of his works, by far the best is that by Mabillon (Paris, 1690, 2 vols. fol. ; reprint- ed, witli additions, Paris, 1839, 4 vols. imp. 8vo). — Hook, Eccles. Biography, ii, 308 sq. ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist, i, 301 -333; Neander, Ch. Hist. vol. iv, passim ; Neander, Der Heilige Bernard und sein Zeitn'ter (Ber- lin, 1813, 8vo); Neander, Life of Bernard, trans], by Matilda Wrench (bond. 1843, 12mo); Ellendorf, Der heil. Bernh trd (Essen, 1837); Ratisbonne, Hist, de St. Bern. (Paris, 2 vols. 1843,4th ed. I860); Morison, Lfe and Times of Bernard (1803, 8vo) ; and Niedner, Zeii- schrift (1862, pt. ii, art. i, by Plitt) ; Bobringer, Kircke Christi, ii, 43G ; L»nd. Quar. Rev. July, 18G3 ; Christian Remembrancer, 1861, i.
Bernard of Ch.vrtres, a celebrated philosopher and theologian of the 12th century. Little is known of his life except that he was the head of the school of Chartres at the same time that Guillaume de Chartres was the head of the school of St. Victor. His writings and his philosophical views were likewise unknown until Mr. Cousin discovered in the Imperial Library
one of his manuscripts, a kind of poem, followed by verse and prose, and divided into two parts, the one called Megacosmus (great world), and the other Micro- cosmus (little world ; a treatise on man). The system of Bernard was a Platonism, sometimes interpreted according to the genius of the Alexandrines. — Hoefer, Biog. Generale, v, 572; Cousin, Introduclim au£ frag- ments inedits d'Abailard.
Bernard of Thuringia, a German visionary who lived toward the close of the 12th century, but of whose life nothing else is known. On the ground of some passage in the Revelation he announced the end of the world as close at hand, and produced a wonderful commotion throughout the whole of Europe. Many were induced to leave all they had and to emigrate to Palestine, where Christ was to descend from heaven to judge the quick and the dead. The secular authority had great difficulty in checking this movement. — Hoe- fer, Biog. Generale, v, 558.