Buckley, Theodore William Alois, an Eng- lish clergyman and writer, was born in 1825, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became chaplain. Being inclined to literature rather than the pastoral work, he removed to London, where his life was chiefly spent in writing books, and in prepar- ing editions of the classics for the booksellers, and in making translations. He also published a History of the Council of Trent (Lond. 1852, small 8vo— the best small manual on that subject extant); the Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (Lond. 1851, sm. 8vo). He died in 1856. See Gentleman's Magazine, March, 1856; Allibone, Dictionary of Authors, i, 278.
Buckminster, Joseph, D.D., an eminent Con- gregational minister, was born at Rutland, Mass., Oct. 14, 1751, and graduated at Yale in 1770. He spent three years in study, and was then chosen tutor in the college, which position he filled for four years, and in 1779 he was ordained pastor of the "North Church," Portsmouth, N. H., which station he occu- pied until his death, June 10, 1812. He was made D.D. by the College of New Jersey, 1803. His publi- cations consist of a memoir of Dr. M'Clintock and a number of occasional discourses. He had a noble spirit and a delicately organized nervous system, from disorder of which he suffered intensely at several pe- riods of his life. His Life was written by his daugh- ter, Mrs. Lee (Boston, 1851, 12mo). — Sprague, Annals, ii, 108.
Buckminster, Joseph S., D.D., son of Joseph, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., 1784. He was care- full)' educated, first by his father, afterward at Har- vard, and studied for the ministry. In 1808 he became pastor of a Congregational Church at Boston ; in 1811 he was appointed lecturer in Biblical Criticism at Har- vard. His earh' death, June 8, 1812 (two days before his father's death), was deeply lamented throughout the country. In theology he was a Unitarian with evangelical proclivities ; as a preacher, his eminent eloquence gave him great popularity ; his gentle man- ners and faithful labors made him very useful and ac- ceptable as a pastor. His Sermons (1826, 8vo) were reprinted in London ; they were reprinted, with addi- tions, in Ins Works (Boston, 1839, 2 vols. 12mo). His Life will be found in Memoirs of the Buchninsters, Fa- ther and Son, by his sister, Mrs. Lee (Boston, 1851, 12mo).
Budaeus. See Bude.
Buddeus, Johann Franz, one of the most uni- versally learned theologians of his time, was born at Anclam, Pomcrania, June 25, 1667. After studying at Griefswald, he entered the University of Wittem- berg, 1685, where he became assistant professor of phi- losophy in 1C87. In 1G89 he went to Jena, and 1692
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to Coburg as professor of Greek and Latin. In 1G93 he became professor of moral and political philosophy in the new University of Halle, and professor of theol- ogy at Jena in 1705. lie died Nov. 19, 1729. His vast studies ranged over the fields of law and morals as well as of theology. His theology was Biblical, tending rather toward pietism than rationalism ; his philosophy was eclectic and moderate. His principal works are, Ekmenta philosophic practices (Halle, 1679) : —Institut. Philosophic Eckctica (Halle, 1705, 2 vols.): —Historia ecclesiastic iVet. Test. (Halle, 1726-29, 2 vols. 4to) -.—Isagoge ad Theologiam (Lips. 17o0, 2 vols. 4to) : —lnstitutiones Theolog'ue (Lips. 1724, 4to) .—Institt. The- ol. Moralis (Lips. 1711, 4to) :— Misa Uanea Sacra (Jen. 1727, 2 vols. 4to): — Theses de. Atheismo it Superstiticne (Jena, 1716) :—Hist. Crit. theolog. dogm. et mor. (Frkft. 1725, 4to): — Compendium, Historic Philosophicc (Halle, 1731, Svo). He was a distinguished contributor to the Acta Eruditorum of Leipzig. His writings in the way of disputations, etc., are very voluminous, and may be counted by the hundred. — Hoefer, Bicg. General?, vii, 718; Brucker, Hist. Phil. vol. v; Herzog, Real-Ency- klopiidie, ii, 428.
Buddha, Buddhism. Buddha, the "sage," the "enlightened" (from the Sanscrit buddh, to know), is the title of honor given to the hermit Gotama (Gau- tama) or Sakyamuni (the "hermit of Sakya"), the founder of Buddhism, the prevailing form of religion in Eastern Asia.
I. His life, the system of his doctrines, and the his- tory of their diffusion are still involved in great ob- scurity. Until recently the sources of information respecting both Buddha and the early history of Bud- dhism were almost exclusively of secondary rank, the original authentic documents which are written in Sanscrit not having been fully examined. Another cause of difficulty lies in the apparently insoluble dif- ferences between the statements of various Buddhist nations. A thorough investigation of some of the most important authentic documents has of late cor- rected many errors and shed much new light on the subject. Still greater results are expected from the future, especially respecting the evolution of the his- toric truth from the religious myths of a number of conflicting traditions. In India, Buddha was regarded as the ninth incorporation of Vishnu as a sage, or the continuation of his incarnation as Krishna. Accord- ing to others, he was an emanation from Brahma, for the reformation of Brahmanism and the abolition of the differences of caste. He is regarded as the su- preme ruler of the present period of the world, and re- ceives as such divine honors under different names in India, Tibet, China, Japan, Burmah. Some Buddhas appeared before him ; others will appear after him ; the total number of Buddhas, until the dissolution of the world into nothing, being assumed by some as one thousand, by others as only twenty two. The founder of Buddhism is counted as the fourth. According to the traditions of the Tibetans, he left the divine resi- dence Damba Togar, and came into the kingdom of Magadha, in Southern Behar, where, in the following year, he entered as a five-colored ray the womb of Maha-Maya, the virgin wife of Ssodadani, and was born in the grove of Lomba, through the right armpit of his mother. According to others he was from Ceylon, according to others from an unknown country. Prom his seventh (according to others, tenth) year he received instruction in all sorts of knowledge; at the age of sixteen (others say twenty) lie married a noble virgin, by whom he had two children, a son, Raholi, and a daughter. In the twenty-ninth year of his life the four great spirit kings carried him off to the most holy temple, where he consecrated himself to a clerical life. Then he lived six years as a penitent hermit, and ob- tained, under the name of Sakyamuni (i. c. the devotee of the house of Sakya), as a full Buddha, the highest degree of sanctity. Henceforth be worked without